Table 8.

SDQ subscales scores (2018 sample): results of significance tests between IGDS gaming groups, Helmert contrasts and effect sizes for Table 5.

Univariate ANOVA Results					Helmert Contrasts and Effect Sizes
					Normal vs. at-Risk/Pathological		At-Risk vs. Pathological
	df	F	p	η 2	p	d	p	d
Emotional problems
Girls	2	7.79	0.001	0.052	0.001	0.610	0.233	0.616
Boys	2	29.42	<0.001	0.106	<0.001	0.595	<0.001	0.716
Total	2	21.28	<0.001	0.052	<0.001	0.480	0.003	0.577
a Conduct problems
Girls	2	4.29	0.015	0.030	0.084	0.439	0.743	0.117
Boys	2	11.57	<0.001	0.045	<0.001	0.467	0.682	0.078
Total	2	16.08	<0.001	0.040	<0.001	0.460	0.596	0.091
Hyperactivity inattention
Girls	2	3.80	0.023	0.026	0.733	0.466	0.110	0.633
Boys	2	22.43	<0.001	0.083	<0.001	0.654	0.028	0.438
Total	2	21.87	<0.001	0.053	<0.001	0.593	0.150	0.253
b Peer relationship problems
Girls	2	4.32	0.014	0.030	0.132	0.577	0.551	0.256
Boys	2	9.22	0.001	0.028	<0.001	0.352	0.252	0.202
Total	2	9.79	<0.001	0.024	<0.001	0.404	0.492	0.114

Notes. Alphas ^a not acceptable or ^b not satisfactory.