Table 1.

Tracking technologies for COVID-19 and their precision, risk to the user if data were leaked, benefits in COVID-19 tracking, control over when tracking occurs, and who has access to the data. App—mobile phone application.

	Telecommunication Network Tracking	GPS Tracking	Bluetooth Tracking
Precision	50 m–2 km radius due to tower density [24].	5 m radius, but may not work indoors [21].	10 m radius, can be blocked by objects [25].
Risks	Rough locations (e.g., work and home).	Exact locations and movements.	Phone ID is public, but anonymized.
Benefits	Works on all devices. No app needed.	Constant tracking gives location history.	Precision reflects the radius of infection.
Control	Flight mode on or phone off.	Turn GPS or phone off.	Turn Bluetooth or phone off.
Access	Telco company and government.Could be mandatory.	Gov or corporate apps with the user’s permission.	Gov or corporate apps with the user’s permission.