Table 2.
NO and folliculogenesis.
| Authors | Animal | Model | NO Donors Used | NOS Inhibitors Used | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Van Voorhish et al., 1995 [21] | Rat | In vivo | -Highest levels of iNOS mRNA in unstimulated ovaries. -After gonadotropin injection, iNOS mRNA declined to undetectable levels in ovaries containing ovulatory follicles before increasing slightly in ovaries containing copora lutea. -iNOS expressed in granulosa cells of secondary follicles and small antral follicles. -eNOS mRNA levels increased after gonadotropin stimulation and peaked in ovaries containing ovulatory follicles before declining in the luteal phase. |
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| Jablonka-Shariff et al., 1997 [22] | Rat | In vivo | -In immature ovaries and during follicular development, iNOS was expressed in the theca cell layer and stroma. -After ovulation, iNOS was present only in the external layers of the developing corpus luteum. |
||
| Basini et al., 1998 [23] | Bovine | In vitro culture of granulosa cells collected from follicles divided according to their size, small (<5 mm) and large (>8 mm). | -SNAP: 10−3 M, 10−4 M, 10−5M | -Significant inhibition of DNA fragmentation in all the cells with the highest concentration of SNAP. -Stimulation of cellular apoptosis in granulosa cells from large follicles with the lowest concentration of SNAP. |
|
| Matsumi et al., 1998 [24] | Rat | In vitro culture of granulosa cells | -SNAP: 0.05 mM, 0.5 mM | -Inverse correlation between iNOS expression and apoptotic changes in rat granulosa cells. -The NO donor directly inhibited spontaneously occurring apoptosis. |
|
| Chen et al., 2005 [25] | Rat | In vitro culture of granulosa cells | -SNAP: 0.05 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM | -The induction of apoptosis in granulosa cells by 100 ng/ml rFasL in the presence of interferon-gamma was blocked by the concomitant addition of SNAP in a dose-dependent manner. -rFasL significantly up-regulated caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities in granulosa cells, which were attenuated by concurrent treatment with SNAP (0.5 mM). |
|
| Dineva et al., 2008 [26] | Human | In vitro human granulosa/luteinized cells | -SNP: 0.5 mM | -AG: 0.5 mM | -SNP treatment significantly lowered the caspase-3 activity that significantly increased after AG treatment. |
| Matsumi et al., 2000 [28] | Rat | In vitro culture of granulosa cells | -SNAP: 0.05 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM | -The in vitro induction of granulosa cell apoptosis by 10−6 M buserelin was inhibited by the addition of SNAP (0.5 mM) -The percentage of apoptotic cells increased by the addition of 10−6 M buserelin but this increase was reverted by supplementation of SNAP (0.5 mM) -Dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis mediated by SNAP. At 0.5 mM, SNAP caused a 90% inhibition in DNA synthesis. |
AG—Aminoguanidine bicarbonate; NO—Nitric oxide; NOS—Nitric oxide synthase; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; eNOS—endothelial nitric oxide synthase; rFasL—ecombinant Fas ligand; SNAP—S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine; SNP—Sodium nitroprusside; mRNA—Messenger RNA; DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid.