Table 2.
Factors associated with physical inactivity and their potential modifiability.
| Factors Associated with Physical Inactivity [51] | Physical Literacy Factor [29] (Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Organisational, Community, Policy) |
Ease of Modifiability (Modifiable/Not Modifiable) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||
| Older age | Intrapersonal | Not modifiable |
| Female Sex | Intrapersonal | Not modifiable |
| Non-white race/ethnicity | Community | Not modifiable |
| Low socioeconomic status | Community | Modifiable * |
| Health-related clinical factors | ||
| Chronic illness | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Poor general health and physical function | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Overweight/obesity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Cognitive and psychological factors | ||
| Greater perceived barriers to physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Lack of enjoyment of physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Low expectations of benefits from physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Poor psychological health | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Low self-efficacy for physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Low self-motivation for physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Lack of readiness to change physical activity behaviours | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Poor fitness level | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Behavioural factors | ||
| Prior physical activity | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Smoking | Intrapersonal | Modifiable |
| Type A Behaviour (assoc’d with poorer adherence but greater overall physical activity levels) | Intrapersonal | Modifiable * |
| Social factors | ||
| Lack of cohesion in exercise group | Interpersonal | Modifiable |
| Lack of physician influence/advice for physical activity | Interpersonal | Modifiable |
| Lack of social support for physical activity | Community | Modifiable |
| Program-related factors | ||
| High physical activity intensity | Organisational | Modifiable |
| Long physical activity duration | Organisational | Modifiable |
| Environmental factors | ||
| Lack of access to facilities/parks/trails | Community/Policy | Modifiable * |
| Lack of neighbourhood safety | Community/Policy | Modifiable * |
Note 1: Taken from Rivera-Torres et al. [51], Adapted from Jones et al. [29]. Note 2: * Denotes ‘potentially modifiable’. Modifiability has been defined as whether changes can occur to allow for increased physical activity. Potential modifiable factors are considered as those where change is possible but would take a longer time and/or may require individual behaviour change or action from community, organisations or government policies for change, which favour physical activity.