Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects according to smoking status.
| NS | p | FS | p | CS | p | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 90) | NS vs. FS | (n = 38) | FS vs. CS | (n = 48) | NS vs. CS | NS vs. FS vs. CS | |
| Gender (male) | 28 (33%) | 0.010 | 21 (55%) | 0.500 | 23 (48%) | 0.051 | 0.020 |
| Age (years) | 43 ± 13 | 0.247 | 46 ± 11 | 0.985 | 46 ± 17 | 0.267 | 0.370 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 6 | 0.104 | 29 ± 6 | 0.363 | 28 ± 7 | 0.565 | 0.330 |
| BMI n (%) | 0.210 | 0.320 | 0.910 | 0.480 | |||
| Normal | 44 (49%) | 11 (29%) | 21 (44%) | ||||
| Overweight | 26 (29%) | 14 (37%) | 12 (25%) | ||||
| Obese | 20 (22%) | 13 (34%) | 15 (31%) | ||||
| Family history n (%) | |||||||
| Asthma | 17 (19%) | 0.210 | 11 (29%) | 0.300 | 19 (40%) | 0.008 | 0.030 |
| Atopy | 15 (17%) | 0.010 | 14 (37%) | 0.730 | 16 (33%) | 0.030 | 0.020 |
| Personal atopy n (%) | 40 (44%) | 0.400 | 20 (53%) | 0.110 | 17 (35%) | 0.310 | 0.270 |
| Number of pack-year | 0 ± 0 | <0.001 | 5.3 ± 7.2 | 0.372 | 14.4 ± 7.4 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Asthma onset n (%) | 0.283 | 0.170 | 0.283 | 0.571 | |||
| Childhood | 28 (31%) | 9 (24%) | 21 (44%) | ||||
| Adult | 56 (62%) | 29 (76%) | 27 (56%) | ||||
| Dyspnea | |||||||
| Presence n (%) | 34 (38%) | <0.001 | 27 (71%) | 0.020 | 22 (46%) | 0.360 | 0.003 |
| Degree mMRC | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 0.820 | 1.4 ± 1 | 0.179 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.335 | 0.866 |
| Asthma Control | |||||||
| Controlled n (%) | 66 (73%) | 0.045 | 21 (55%) | 0.210 | 20 (42%) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| ACQ score | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.844 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.019 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 0.016 | 0.023 |
| Exacerbations | 0.110 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 70 (78%) | 23 (61%) | 21 (44%) | ||||
| 1 | 10 (11%) | 9 (24%) | 4 (8%) | ||||
| ≥2 | 10 (11%) | 6 (16%) | 23 (48%) | ||||
| Exacerbations number/year | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.195 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.002 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Anxiety trait | 9 (10%) | 0.040 | 9 (24%) | 0.930 | 11 (23%) | 0.040 | 0.060 |
| Depression trait | 3 (3%) | 0.040 | 5 (13%) | 0.270 | 3 (6%) | 0.420 | 0.110 |
| Treatment GINA steps | 2 ± 1 | 0.581 | 2 ± 1 | 0.162 | 3 ± 1 | 0.029 | 0.120 |
Note: NS: never-smokers; FS: former-smokers; CS: current-smokers; BMI: body mass index; mMRC: Modified Medical Research Council scale; ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire; GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Data is shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Bold characters show the significant differences (p value < 0.05).