Table 2.

Decision-making stages and health literacy skills in maternity care.

Stage 1: Understanding Pregnancy Stages and the Procedures of Labor	Stage 2: Understanding the Consequences: Risks, Limitations, Benefits and Uncertainties	Stage 3: Identifying Preferences and Combining Utilities with Probabilities	Stage 4: Participate in Decision-Making with Maternity Care Professional	Stage 5: Make a Decision
(a) Find sources of information about pregnancy and labor	(a) Understand different harms and benefits of options	(a) Anticipate health states during labor or after birth	(a) Understand that involvement and choice is possible	(a) Self-efficacy
(b) Select and appraise (online) information -Decide when to stop looking for information	(b) Understand the likelihood of these occurring to mother and/or baby—carry out basic calculations	(b) Identify preferences for different outcomes	(b) Articulate and discuss preference to maternity care professional	(b) Taking responsibility for mother’s and child’s health
(c) Interpret written or spoken pregnancy-related terminology	(c) Interpret probabilities of harms occurring to mother and/or child	(c) Combine preferences with probabilistic information	(c) Ask questions to maternity care professional	(c) Cope with practical barriers of options and costs
	(d) Compare options against each other	(d) Share and communicate values to: -Significant others (e.g., friends, mother) -Peers -Partner
		(e) Use own knowledge and previous pregnancy and birth experiences