Table 4.
The results of the ensemble model and other VMD-based models at four cities.
| Dataset | Indicator | Ensemble Model vs. VMD-BPNN | Ensemble Model vs. VMD-ANFIS | Ensemble Model vs. VMD-ANFIS-FCM | Ensemble Model vs. VMD-GMDH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing | IMAE (%) | 2.3843 | 10.6660 | 3.6867 | 2.1953 |
| IRMSE (%) | 5.4454 | 21.3895 | 11.6926 | 9.7510 | |
| IMAPE (%) | 0.3159 | 11.9748 | 12.3061 | 5.3553 | |
| ITIC (%) | 5.2795 | 21.3508 | 11.6465 | 9.6318 | |
| Tianjing | IMAE (%) | 14.0270 | 14.5473 | 7.3431 | 3.5937 |
| IRMSE (%) | 18.0484 | 21.9939 | 11.8452 | 7.1982 | |
| IMAPE (%) | 14.5592 | 12.9259 | 10.8481 | 3.3801 | |
| ITIC (%) | 18.0279 | 22.0097 | 11.7854 | 7.1898 | |
| Baoding | IMAE (%) | 2.8295 | 7.3044 | 6.9863 | 0.5752 |
| IRMSE (%) | 3.9004 | 7.4784 | 7.6538 | 2.3325 | |
| IMAPE (%) | 2.1528 | 7.0565 | 6.0185 | 0.0488 | |
| ITIC (%) | 3.8167 | 7.5020 | 7.6881 | 2.3468 | |
| Shijiazhuang | IMAE (%) | 1.4251 | 18.7068 | 4.7226 | 4.8292 |
| IRMSE (%) | 4.8678 | 49.9864 | 9.2788 | 5.0535 | |
| IMAPE (%) | 1.2716 | 15.5030 | 5.3138 | 4.0961 | |
| ITIC (%) | 4.8218 | 50.0715 | 9.3976 | 5.0563 |