Table 2.

Changes in Indicators of Social and Economic Quality of Life between Baseline and First Follow-up

		COVID-19 sample in the 2019 baseline	First COVID-19 sample follow-up	p (two-tailed)
Brief Lubben Social Network Scale (0–30)	Mean	12.93	14.53***	.00
Dichotomous Brief Lubben Social Network <=12 Scale (34)	% Isolated	50.76	38.61***	.00
How many relatives do you see or hear from at least once a month?	% > =3	75.00	87.84***	.00
How many relatives do you feel at ease with that you can talk about private matters?	% > =3	49.51	50.20	.79
How many relatives do you feel close to such that you could call on them for help?	% > =3	49.72	56.52**	.00
How many friends do you see or hear from at least once a month?	% > =3	42.06	58.71***	.00
How many friends do you feel at ease with that you can talk about private matters?	% > =3	24.47	22.36	.34
How many friends do you feel close to such that you could call on them for help?	% > =3	23.88	30.72**	.00
UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale (0–6)	Mean	1.06	1.11	.49
Dichotomous UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale <=3 (36)	% Alone	43.31	47.75*	.04
How often do you feel that you lack companionship?	% Some of the time/often	37.04	42.31*	.04
How often do you feel left out?	% Some of the time/often	21.45	19.97	.48
How often do you feel isolated from others?	% Some of the time/often	21.14	20.31	.69
Live alone	% Alone	21.67	16.64*	.01
Live with children	% Yes	43.07	50.90**	.00
Live with grandchildren	% Yes	24.89	31.94**	.00
Smartphone	% User	45.90	54.78***	.00
Working	% Working	28.11	22.53*	.01
Income	% Not sufficient	34.10	29.34	.05

N = 721 older adults; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001