Table 3.
Multiple regression analysis on change in depressive symptoms
| Beta Coefficient | Standardized Beta | Standard Error | P > |t| | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in Geriatric Anxiety Scale (mean: .224; st.dev.: 1.994; range: −5 to 5) | .219 | .322 | .024 | 0.000 |
| Change in Brief Resilient Coping Scale (mean: 2.152; st.dev.: 4.113; range: − 16 to 16) | −.020 | −.062 | .011 | 0.075 |
| Change in Brief Lubben Social Network Scale (mean: − 1.593; st.dev.: 6.794; range: − 30 to 30) | −.005 | −.026 | .007 | 0.459 |
| Change in UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale (mean: .047; st.dev.: 1.872; range: −6 to 6) | .150 | .207 | .026 | 0.000 |
| Change in Health Problems (mean: .143; st.dev.: 2.676; range: −9 to 9) | .149 | .295 | .017 | 0.000 |
| Female | −.023 | −.007 | .100 | 0.816 |
| Age | .007 | .040 | .105 | 0.947 |
| Age2 | .000 | −.015 | .000 | 0.979 |
| Secondary Education (vs. Primary) | .016 | .005 | .107 | 0.882 |
| Superior Education (vs. Primary) | −.031 | −.009 | .130 | 0.811 |
| Sufficient income (0–1) | .020 | .006 | .102 | 0.841 |
| Smartphone user (0–1) | −.083 | −.030 | .101 | 0.410 |
| Constant | −.189 | 3.850 | 0.961 |
R2 = .2229; N = 663
Note: the change variables are calculated as the COVID-19 value (during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic) minus the baseline value (before the pandemic)
The variable “change in depressive symptoms” has a mean of .156, standard deviation of 1.348 and a range from −4 to 4