Table 4.
Characteristics at baseline: Comparison of COVID-19 Sample with QLS 2019/1 (not selected) and QLS 2019/2 (no response)
| Quality of Life Survey Samples for 2019a |
Differences at Baselineb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QLS 2019/1 (not selected) | QLS 2019/2 (no response) | COVID-19 sample in the 2019 baseline | Difference between QLS 2019/1 and COVID-19 sample 2019 | Difference between QLS 2019/2 and COVID-19 sample 2019 | ||
| Gender | % Female | 65.11* | 64.93 | 69.76 | −4.64 (p = .04) | −4.80 (p = .07) |
| Age | Mean | 72.65** | 72.89** | 71.59 | 1.06 (p = .00) | 1.30 (.00) |
| Marital status | % Widow | 30.44 | 27.57 | 29.41 | 1.03 (p = .65) | −1.83 (p = .48) |
| Education | % Primary | 49.61** | 56.10*** | 43.55 | 6.06 (.01) | .12(p = .00) |
| Health | % Bad/regular | 52.00 | 53.67 | 55.49 | −3.49 (p = .16) | − 1.81 (p = .53) |
| Health symptoms Scale (0–13) | Mean | 2.79 | 2.97 | 2.82 | −.01 (p = .87) | .15 (p = .29) |
| PHQ-9 for depressive symptoms (0–27) | Mean | 3.83 | 4.16 | 4.25 | −.42 (p = .07) | −.09 (p = .72) |
| Geriatric Anxiety Inventory GAI-SF (0–5) | Mean | 1.80** | 1.95 | 2.04 | −.23 (p = .00) | −.08 (p = .41) |
| Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) (0–16) | Mean | 10.29*** | 10.33*** | 11.10 | −.81 (p = .00) | −.77 (p = .00) |
| Brief Lubben Social Network Scale (0–30) | Mean | 12.47 | 11.81** | 12.93 | −.45 (p = .13) | −1.11 (p = .00) |
| UCLA-3 Loneliness Scale (0–6) | Mean | 1.22 | 1.16 | 1.06 | .16 (p = .05) | .10 (p = .26) |
| Live alone | % Live alone | 16.21** | 18.61 | 21.67 | −5.45 (p = .00) | −3.06(p = .19) |
| Live with children | % Yes | 46.23 | 43.08 | 43.07 | 3.15 (p = .20) | 0.00 (p = .99) |
| Live with grandchildren | % Yes | 27.05 | 26.67 | 24.89 | 2.155 (p = .32) | 1.78 (p = .48) |
| Smartphone | % User | 36.10*** | 29.92*** | 45.90 | −9.80 (p = .00) | −15.98 (p = .00) |
| Working | % Working | 25.41 | 25.00 | 28.11 | −2.69 (p = .22) | −3.11 (p = .22) |
| Income | % Not sufficient | 31.69 | 29.97 | 34.10 | −2.39 (p = .31) | −4.11 (p = .13) |
aN of QLS 2019/1 sample = 903; N of QLS 2019/2 sample = 508; N of COVID-19 sample = 721
bPaired t-test of means for scale variables and paired non-parametric test of proportions for dichotomous variables
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001