Table 2.

Change in odds associated with ACR stages A2-A3 (compared with stage A1) per standard deviation increase in retinal microvascular parameters

	Model 1	p	Model 2	p	Model 3	p
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
CRAE	0.97 (0.87, 1.09)	0.62	0.93 (0.82, 1.04)	0.19	0.94 (0.83, 1.06)	0.31
CRVE	1.01 (0.91, 1.11)	0.87	0.97 (0.88, 1.08)	0.62	0.98 (0.89, 1.09)	0.77
AVR	0.92 (0.81, 1.04)	0.19	0.92 (0.80, 1.05)	0.23	0.92 (0.80, 1.06)	0.23
FDa	1.18 (1.04, 1.33)	0.01	1.16 (1.02, 1.32)	0.02	1.18 (1.03, 1.34)	0.02
FDv	1.24 (1.06, 1.45)	0.01	1.25 (1.06, 1.48)	0.01	1.24 (1.05, 1.47)	0.01
Torta	0.99 (0.90, 1.08)	0.78	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)	0.83	0.98 (0.88, 1.08)	0.62
Tortv	0.96 (0.86, 1.06)	0.37	0.96 (0.87, 1.07)	0.47	0.96 (0.87, 1.06)	0.43

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) vs ACR category. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering medication usage, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking history (as a binary variable, ever smoked versus never smoked), ethnicity (as a binary variable, white ethnicity versus non-white ethnicity), and alcohol consumption (ever versus never); Model 3: adjustment for variables in model 2 and further adjusted for visual acuity (logMAR), cornea corrected intraocular pressure, and history of eye surgery (as a binary variable)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CRAE central retina arteriolar equivalent, CRVE central retinal venular equivalent, AVR arteriovenous ratio, FDa/v arteriolar/venular fractal dimension, Torta/v arteriolar/venular tortuosity