Table 3.

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) vs eGFR (SCr) < 60 ml/min/1.73m²

	Model 1	p	Model 2	p	Model 3	p
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
CRAE	1.30 (0.95, 1.78)	0.10	1.37 (0.99, 1.91)	0.06	1.63 (1.15, 2.31)	0.01
CRVE	1.25 (0.94, 1.67)	0.13	1.25 (0.91, 1.70)	0.17	1.24 (0.89, 1.75)	0.21
AVR	1.01 (0.67, 1.52)	0.98	1.07 (0.68, 1.70)	0.76	1.30 (0.79, 2.15)	0.31
FDa	1.50 (1.09, 2.08)	0.01	1.57 (1.11, 2.24)	0.01	1.57 (1.10, 2.24)	0.01
FDv	1.28 (0.82, 2.01)	0.28	1.20 (0.72, 1.99)	0.48	1.15 (0.68, 1.96)	0.60
Torta	0.93 (0.77, 1.12)	0.43	0.93 (0.73, 1.17)	0.53	0.90 (0.72, 1.12)	0.35
Tortv	1.85 (0.74, 4.62)	0.19	1.73 (0.72, 4.18)	0.22	1.65 (0.66, 4.15)	0.28

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) vs eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² based on serum creatinine. Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering medication usage, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking history (as a binary variable, ever smoked versus never smoked), ethnicity (as a binary variable, white ethnicity versus non-white ethnicity), and alcohol consumption (ever versus never); Model 3: adjustment for variables in model 2 and further adjusted for visual acuity (logMAR), cornea corrected intraocular pressure, and history of eye surgery (as a binary variable)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CRAE central retina arteriolar equivalent, CRVE central retinal venular equivalent, AVR arteriovenous ratio, FDa/v arteriolar/venular fractal dimension, Torta/v arteriolar/venular tortuosity