Table 5.

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) vs CKD status based on ACR > 3 mg/mmol and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² (SCr & SCys)

	Model 1	p	Model 2	p	Model 3	p
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
CRAE	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)	0.88	0.97 (0.86, 1.09)	0.59	0.98 (0.87, 1.11)	0.79
CRVE	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	0.59	0.99 (0.89, 1.10)	0.90	1.01 (0.90, 1.12)	0.92
AVR	0.92 (0.81, 1.05)	0.21	0.93 (0.80, 1.06)	0.27	0.93 (0.80, 1.07)	0.29
FDa	1.22 (1.07, 1.39)	0.003	1.20 (1.05, 1.37)	0.01	1.22 (1.06, 1.39)	0.01
FDv	1.27 (1.08, 1.49)	0.004	1.28 (1.08, 1.52)	0.01	1.26 (1.06, 1.50)	0.01
Torta	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)	0.85	1.00 (0.90, 1.10)	0.92	0.98 (0.89, 1.08)	0.69
Tortv	0.97 (0.88, 1.07)	0.52	0.98 (0.88, 1.08)	0.65	0.98 (0.88, 1.08)	0.63

Associations between retinal microvascular parameters (Z scores) vs CKD status based on ACR > 3 mg/mmol and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m² (based on serum creatinine and serum cystatin C). Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure-lowering medication usage, presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking history (as a binary variable, ever smoked versus never smoked), ethnicity (as a binary variable, white ethnicity versus non-white ethnicity), and alcohol consumption (ever versus never); Model 3: adjustment for variables in model 2 and further adjusted for visual acuity (logMAR), cornea corrected intraocular pressure, and history of eye surgery (as a binary variable)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval