Table 1.
Hemodynamic Data in Simulations of Normal Physiology, Left Heart Failure and Left Heart Failure With Variable Right Heart Function. Increases in Right Heart Function Increases Pulmonary Arterial, Pulmonary Capillary, and Left Atrial Pressure as Well as End-Diastolic and End-Systolic Left Ventricular Volumes Both With and Without ECMO
| Heart Rate/min | Mean Arterial Pressure, mm Hg | LV End-Diastolic Volume, ml | LV End-Systolic Volume, ml | LV Stroke Volume, ml | LV Ejection Fraction, fraction | RV Ejection Fraction, fraction | Mean Pulmonary Capillary Pressure, mm Hg | Mean LA Pressure, mm Hg | Mean RA Pressure, mm Hg | Mean Pericardial Pressure, mmHg | ECMO Flow, L/min | Native Cardiac Output, L/min | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal. No ventilation. | 72 | 102 | 128 | 54 | 77 | 60% | 66% | 11.7 | 6.5 | 1.7 | -0.3 | 0.00 | 5.49 |
| Systolic heart failure | 72 | 62 | 159 | 125 | 39 | 25% | 51% | 17.7 | 15.7 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 0.00 | 2.76 |
| + 10 ml/kg blood volume | 72 | 68 | 165 | 129 | 41 | 25% | 46% | 24.6 | 22.5 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 0.00 | 2.87 |
| No ECMO | |||||||||||||
| RV 0.1 | 72 | 52 | 125 | 102 | 26 | 21% | 18% | 15.6 | 14.0 | 11.3 | 7.0 | 0.00 | 1.84 |
| RV 0.2 | 72 | 58 | 140 | 113 | 32 | 23% | 24% | 18.4 | 16.0 | 10.6 | 7.2 | 0.00 | 2.20 |
| RV 0.3 | 72 | 62 | 149 | 119 | 35 | 23% | 30% | 20.5 | 18.1 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 0.00 | 2.45 |
| RV 0.4 | 72 | 64 | 155 | 123 | 37 | 24% | 35% | 22.0 | 19.8 | 9.3 | 7.3 | 0.00 | 2.61 |
| RV 0.5 | 72 | 66 | 159 | 126 | 39 | 24% | 39% | 23.1 | 21.0 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 0.00 | 2.72 |
| RV 0.6 | 72 | 67 | 162 | 127 | 40 | 25% | 43% | 24.0 | 21.8 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 0.00 | 2.81 |
| RV 0.7 | 72 | 68 | 165 | 129 | 41 | 25% | 46% | 24.6 | 22.5 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 0.00 | 2.87 |
| RV 0.8 | 72 | 68 | 166 | 130 | 41 | 25% | 49% | 25.2 | 23.0 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 0.00 | 2.92 |
| RV 0.9 | 72 | 69 | 168 | 131 | 42 | 25% | 52% | 25.6 | 23.5 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 0.00 | 2.96 |
| RV 1.0 | 72 | 70 | 169 | 132 | 42 | 25% | 54% | 26.0 | 23.8 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 0.00 | 2.99 |
| + VA ECMO 3600 rpm VCS-DA | |||||||||||||
| RV 0.1 | 72 | 87 | 150 | 144 | 7 | 5% | 6% | 18.4 | 18.4 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 3.70 | 0.41 |
| RV 0.2 | 72 | 91 | 161 | 152 | 11 | 7% | 12% | 21.4 | 20.9 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 3.69 | 0.72 |
| RV 0.3 | 72 | 93 | 168 | 156 | 14 | 8% | 18% | 23.4 | 22.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 3.69 | 0.92 |
| RV 0.4 | 72 | 95 | 171 | 159 | 15 | 9% | 22% | 24.8 | 24.1 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.04 |
| RV 0.5 | 72 | 96 | 174 | 160 | 17 | 10% | 27% | 25.8 | 24.9 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.13 |
| RV 0.6 | 72 | 97 | 176 | 161 | 18 | 10% | 30% | 26.5 | 25.5 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.20 |
| RV 0.7 | 72 | 97 | 178 | 162 | 18 | 10% | 34% | 27.0 | 26.1 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.25 |
| RV 0.8 | 72 | 98 | 179 | 163 | 19 | 11% | 37% | 27.5 | 26.4 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.29 |
| RV 0.9 | 72 | 98 | 180 | 163 | 19 | 11% | 39% | 27.8 | 26.8 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 3.68 | 1.33 |
| RV 1.0 | 72 | 99 | 180 | 164 | 20 | 11% | 41% | 28.1 | 27.0 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 3.68 | 1.35 |
Abbreviations: ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; VA ECMO, Venoarterial ECMO.