Table 2.

The cross-lagged path coefficients in the total sample, with adjustment for covariates

Obesity measures	IR measures	Path coefficients (IR → Obesity)		Path coefficients (Obesity → IR)		P value†	RMR	CFI
		β1	95% CI	β2	95% CI
BMI	HOMA-IR	0.074*	0.047 to 0.101	0.232*	0.197 to 0.267	<0.001	0.015	0.990
WC	HOMA-IR	0.192*	0.156 to 0.228	0.187*	0.153 to 0.221	0.855	0.006	0.996
HC	HOMA-IR	0.201*	0.165 to 0.237	0.154*	0.120 to 0.187	0.087	0.010	0.961
WHR	HOMA-IR	0.151*	0.113 to 0.189	0.080*	0.047 to 0.112	0.011	0.019	0.886
BMI	HOMA-%β	0.051*	0.024 to 0.077	0.168*	0.135 to 0.201	<0.001	0.020	0.989
WC	HOMA-%β	0.172*	0.137 to 0.207	0.158*	0.126 to 0.191	0.612	0.010	0.995
HC	HOMA-%β	0.176*	0.140 to 0.211	0.150*	0.118 to 0.181	0.346	0.014	0.962
WHR	HOMA-%β	0.136*	0.098 to 0.174	0.047*	0.016 to 0.079	0.002	0.025	0.891

Covariates include age, sex, smoking, drinking and follow-up years.

Insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β were log-transformed for normal distribution.

β1 describes the cross-lagged path coefficient from baseline HOMA-IR or HOMA-%β to follow-up BMI/WC/HC/WHR; β2 describes the cross-lagged path coefficient from baseline BMI/WC/HC/WHR to follow-up HOMA-IR or HOMA-%β.

*P<0.05 for β₁ and β₂ being different from 0.

†P value for difference between β1 and β2.

BMI, body mass index; CFI, comparative fit index; HC, hip circumference; HOMA-%β, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistance; RMR, root mean square residual; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.