Table 1.

Summarizes some of the polyphenols-mediated actions on autophagy and other important biological effects.

Table 1. Examples of Health Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols by Autophagy Activation
Class of Polyphenol	Name of Polyphenolic Compound	Molecular Formula	Molecular Weight (g/mol)	Biological Effects	References
Stilbenes	Resveratrol	C14H12O3	228.25	Improves mitochondrial function in vitro and in vivo	[60,149,151]
				Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[52,61,94,95,96,97,106,113,122,124,149,151,158]
				Improves insulin sensitivity in humans	[94]
Flavonoids	Fisetin	C15H10O6	286.24	Autophagic activation in vitro	[63]
	Quercetin	C15H10O7	302.23	Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[64,122,162,163,164,165,166,167,168]
	Myricetin	C15H10O8	318.23	Inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation in vitro	[148]
	Apigenin	C15H10O5	270.24	Autophagic activation in vitro	[122,169,170,171,172]
	Luteolin	C15H10O6	286.24	Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[173,174,175,176,177,178]
	Baicalein	C15H10O5	270.24	Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[179,180,181,182,183]
Phenolic acids	Rosmarinic acid	C18H16O8	360.31	Inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation in vitro	[148]
	Nordihydro-guaiaretic acid	C18H22O4	302.4
	Ferulic acid	C10H10O4	194.18
Tannins	Punicalagin	C48H28O30	1084.71	Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[68]
Secoiridoid	Oleuropein	C25H32O13	540.51	Autophagic activation in vitro and in vivo	[70,71,72,73,155,156]
Catechins	(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate	C22H18O10	442.4	Autophagic activation in vivo	[101,102,107,121]
Polyphenols	Curcumin	C21H20O6	368.38	Autophagy induction in vitro and in vivo	[59,65,66,67,123]
				Downregulation of ER stress	Reviewed in [98]
				Increase insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo	[99]
				Inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation in vitro	[147]