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Three hypothetical modes of spike protein (gray) binding to integrin (yellow and green): (A) in an ACE2-independent way; (B) as a co-receptor in which a single spike protein interacts with both integrin and ACE2 (red) as facilitated by the flexibility of the receptor binding domains; (C) as a co-receptor in which multiple spike proteins interact with either an integrin or ACE2. Integrin drawing based on PDB Molecule of the Month (https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/134).
