Table 4.
Resistance determinants in Pseudomonas spp. (n = 31).
| Antibiotic Class/Type of Antimicrobial | Phenotypic Resistance a | Resistance Determinants (No. of Isolates) b |
|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic class | ||
| Aminocoumarine | Aminocoumarine | mdtA (31), mdtB (31), mdtC (30) |
| Aminoglycoside | NEO | neo (18) |
| β-lactam | IMI, MERO, β-lactam antibiotics | ampC (31), ampD (31), cphA (1), pbpC (10), mrcA (31), mrcB (9), oprD (31) |
| Bicyclomycin | BC | bcr (29) |
| Fluoroquionolones | CIP | Bmr3 (2), gyrA (31), gyrB (31), lfrA (6), mfd (31), parC (31), parE (31) |
| Fosfomycin | FOS | abaF (31), fosA (13), mdtD (30), mdtG (13) |
| Fosmidomycin | FOSM | fsr (22) |
| Lipopeptides | COL | arnA (30), emrA (28), emrB (27), lpxA (2), lpxD (4), pgsA (2), phoP (31), phoQ (9) |
| Macrolides | Macrolides, peptide antibiotics | macA (31), macB (31) |
| Tetracycline | tetC (7) | |
| Disinfectants and cationic agents | QAC, EBR, various cationic agents | emrE (2), qacA (1), qacC (1) |
| Multiple drugs c | Cationic peptides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides |
acrA (12), acrB (15), acrE (2), acrF (29) aphA (28), aphB (3) |
| Carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, streptomycin and tetracycline | arpC (26) | |
| Various multidrugs | bepC (29), bepE (15), bmr3 (2), emrA (31), emrB (30), emrD (5), emrE (2), emrY (24), mdfA (1), mdtE (16), mdtK (31), mdtL (28), mdtN (1), mepA (31), mexA (29), mexB (29), mtrA (19), norM (31), oprJ (5), oprM (29), oqxB7 (31), oqxB10 (27), oqxB13 (1), stp (30), tolC (30) | |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams except imipenem | ttgA (31), ttgB (31), ttgC (31), ttgI (31) |
a Reported main phenotypic resistance traits are shown. Abbreviations: BC (Bicyclomycin), CIP (Ciprofloxacine), COL (colistin), EBR (ethidium bromide), FOS (fosofomycin), FOSM (fosmidomycin), IMI (imipenem), MERO (meropenem), NEO (neomycin), QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds). b Resistance determinants according to Prokka annotations. c Multidrug resistance genes associated with antibiotic and/or disinfectant resistance were included.