Morphological and physiological traits in 4-week-old Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) and phototropin mutants (phot1, phot2, and phot1phot2), in the Col-gl1 background. (A) Rosette morphology. Scale bar, 10 mm; (B) Rosette size. Values are means (±SD) of 12–24 plants per genotype from at least two independent experiments (n = 12–24); (C) Dry weight. Values are means (±SD) of 12–17 plants per genotype from at least two independent experiments (n = 12–17); (D) Stomatal density. Values are means (±SD) of 27 leaf fragments per genotype from at least two independent experiments (n = 27); and (E) Water-use efficiency (WUE). Values are means (±SD) of 12–17 plants per genotype from at least two independent experiments (n = 12–17). Asterisks indicate significant differences from the wild type, according to the Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test at the level of p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.005 (**), or p < 0.001 (***). Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 (Tukey’s test).