Table 2.

Cross-sectional associations between olfactory dysfunction and odds of having depression at the same time point

	Model A (N = 6456 observations)		Model B (N = 6393 observations)		Model C (N = 6393 observations)
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Olfactory dysfunction	1.32 (1.11–1.57)	0.002	1.30 (1.09–1.55)	0.004	1.20 (1.00–1.43)	0.049
Women (vs. men)	1.40 (1.17–1.67)	<0.001	1.46 (1.22–1.75)	<0.001	1.47 (1.23–1.75)	<0.001
Age (per decade)	1.10 (0.97–1.23)	0.126	1.12 (0.99–1.27)	0.070	1.06 (0.94–1.20)	0.328
Race (reference = White)
Black	1.21 (0.94–1.56)	0.140	1.17 (0.90–1.51)	0.241	1.04 (0.79–1.35)	0.790
Hispanic, non-Black	1.08 (0.82–1.42)	0.573	1.13 (0.86–1.49)	0.393	1.00 (0.75–1.33)	0.988
Other	1.07 (0.59–1.93)	0.833	0.94 (0.51–1.71)	0.833	0.87 (0.48–1.56)	0.631
Education (reference = no HS)
HS/equivalent	0.71 (0.55–0.92)	0.010	0.76 (0.59–0.98)	0.038	0.83 (0.64–1.08)	0.159
Some college/associates	0.58 (0.45–0.74)	<0.001	0.62 (0.48–0.80)	<0.001	0.71 (0.54–0.91)	0.008
Bachelors or more	0.34 (0.25–0.46)	<0.001	0.39 (0.29–0.53)	<0.001	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	<0.001
Comorbid diseases (CCI ≥ 1)			2.05 (1.66–2.52)	<0.001	2.02 (1.64–2.49)	<0.001
Heavy alcohol use (≥4 drinks daily)			1.65 (1.06–2.56)	0.027	1.69 (1.09–2.61)	0.019
Current smoker			1.46 (1.15–1.85)	0.002	1.43 (1.12–1.81)	0.004
Cognition (z-score)					0.79 (0.73–0.86)	<0.001
McFadden’s pseudo-R2	0.034		0.052		0.059

Bolded values are statistically significant (Ps ≤ 0.05).

HS, high school.