Table 3.

The effect of olfactory dysfunction at baseline on the incidence of depression 5 or 10 years later

Model D (N = 1793 respondents)
	OR (95% CI)	P
Olfactory dysfunction × comorbid diseases	0.43 (0.20–0.90)	0.026
Olfactory dysfunction	2.22 (1.13–4.37)	0.022
Comorbid diseases (CCI ≥ 1)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	0.016
Women (vs. men)	1.39 (1.02–1.88)	0.038
Age (per decade)	1.35 (1.15–1.58)	<0.001
Race (reference = white)
Black	0.93 (0.59–1.47)	0.760
Hispanic, non-Black	0.96 (0.48–1.91)	0.912
Other	1.05 (0.49–2.26)	0.894
Education (reference = no HS)
HS/equivalent	0.97 (0.55–1.70)	0.905
Some college/associates	0.84 (0.51–1.37)	0.468
Bachelors or more	0.68 (0.37–1.27)	0.221
Heavy alcohol use (≥4 drinks daily)	1.25 (0.64–2.44)	0.508
Current smoker	1.77 (1.23–2.56)	0.003
Cognition (z-score)	0.94 (0.79–1.12)	0.496

At baseline, none of these older adults had frequent depressive symptoms (all ≤8 on the modified CES-D). Bolded values are statistically significant (Ps ≤ 0.05).

HS, high school.