Table 1.
Direct and indirect methods to evaluate biomarkers of oxidative stress.
| Type of Biomarkers | Direct/Indirect Measurement | Method of Detection | Type of Sample | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DCFH-DA | Direct | Flow-cytometer | Platelets and leukocytes | [3] |
| DHR123 | Direct | Flow-cytometer | Leukocytes | [3] |
| DAF-2-DA | ||||
| DAF-FM | ||||
| D-Rooms | Direct | Flow-cytometer | Serum | [4,5] |
| C11-BODIPY581/591 | Direct | Flow-cytometer | Platelets, leukocytes granulocytes | [6] |
| 4-HNE | Indirect: lipid oxidation | ELISA | Urine and plasma | [7,8] |
| MDA | Indirect: lipid oxidation | HPLC | Urine and plasma | [9] |
| TBARS | ELISA | |||
| F2-IsoPs | Indirect: lipid oxidation | Gas-chromatography | Biological fluids | [10,11] |
| ELISA | ||||
| DNPH | Indirect: protein damage | Colorimetric | Biological fluids | [12,13] |
| AOPP | ||||
| 8-OHdG | Indirect: DNA damage | ELISA | Blood and urine | [14,15] |
| SOD Catalase | Indirect: enzymatic antioxidants | Colorimetric | Biological samples | [16,17] |
| Western blots | ||||
| GPx | Activity assays | |||
| GSTs | ||||
| Endogenous and nutritional elements (glutathione, Vitamins A, C, E) | Indirect: enzymatic antioxidants | Colorimetric, HPLC, Gas-chromatography | Plasma/serum and tissue samples | [18,19] |
4HNE = 4-hydroxynonenal; 8-OHdG = 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; AOPP = Advanced Oxidation Protein Products; d-ROMS = Reactive Oxygen Metabolites; DCFH-DA = 2′-7′dichlorofluorescin diacetate; DHR123 = Dihydrorhodamine 123; DAF-2 DA = Diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate; DAF-FM = Diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate; MDA = Malondialdehyde; SOD = Superoxide dismutase; TBARS = Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance.