(A) and (B) Classic coplanar and facing electrodes designs, respectively, along with relevant idealized signals. (C) Liquid electrodes concept. (D) Design based on three-dimensional electrodes. (E-G) Design enabling compensation of position blurring, along with simulated impedance traces for different particle trajectories. See Sections 2.2 and 2.3 for details. Images were adapted with permission from (A) ref. 57, copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2001, (B) ref. 36, copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (C) ref. 75, copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 (D) ref. 79, copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V. (E) ref. 58, copyright 2017 The Author(s), (F) ref. 94, copyright 2017 The Author(s), (G) ref. 90, copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.