Figure 1.

Neuronal ion channels, receptors and their ligands involved in peripheral neuroinflammation and sensitization. (−) Downregulation of Kv and K+ currents, (+) upregulation of Nav, VGCC, and Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ currents, respectively [8,22,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. Abbreviations: Nav—voltage-gated sodium channel, TRPV1—transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel, VGCC—voltage-gated calcium channel, Glu—glutamate, H⁺—hydrogen proton, NMDAR—N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, ASIC—acid sensing ion channel, TLR—toll-like receptor, P2X3—P2X purinoceptor 3, PGE2—prostaglandin E2, EP—prostaglandin E2 receptor, GABA—gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABAAR—gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A, GABABR—gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B, Kv—voltage-gated potassium channel, OR—opioid receptor, CB—cannabinoid, CB1—cannabinoid receptor type 1, HMBG1—high mobility group box 1 protein, TNFα—tumour necrosis factor α, IL-1β—interleukin 1β, IL-6—interleukin 6, CCL—CC-chemokine ligand, ATP—adenosine triphosphate, NGF—nerve growth factor, BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF—glial-derived neurotrophic factor, NT 3,4—neurotrophin 3 and 4, Na⁺—sodium ion, Ca²⁺—calcium ion, K⁺—potassium ion, BK—bradykinin, 5-HT—serotonin, GPCR—G protein-coupled receptor. Created with BioRender.com.