Figure 1.

Examples of a subset of the trials in each of the six tasks. The stimuli are not drawn to scale; see Supplementary Materials and Methods for actual sizes. (A) Face perception task used to elicit the N170. On each trial, an image of a face, car, scrambled face, or scrambled car was presented in the center of the screen, and participants indicated whether a given stimulus was an “object” (face or car) or a “texture” (scrambled face or scrambled car). (B) Passive auditory oddball task used to elicit the mismatch negativity (MMN). Standard tones (80 dB, p = .8) and deviant tones (70 dB, p = .2) were presented over speakers while participants watched a silent video and ignored the tones. (C) Simple visual search task used to elicit the N2pc. Either pink or blue was designated the target color at the beginning of a trial block, and participants indicated whether the gap in the target color square was on the top or bottom. (D) Word pair judgment task used to elicit the N400. Each trial consisted of a red prime word followed by a green target word, and participants indicated whether the target word was semantically related or unrelated to the prime word. (E) Active visual oddball task used to elicit the P3. The letters A, B, C, D, and E were presented in random order (p = .2 for each letter). One of the letters was designated the target for a given block of trials, and participants indicated whether each stimulus was the target or a non-target for that block. Thus, the probability of the target category was .2, but the same physical stimulus served as a target in some blocks and a nontarget in others. (F) Flankers task used to elicit the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the error-related negativity (ERN). The central arrowhead was the target, and it was flanked on both sides by arrowheads that pointed in the same direction (congruent trials) or the opposite direction (incongruent trials). Participants indicated the direction of the target arrowhead on each trial with a left- or right-hand buttonpress.