Table 1.

The protective effects and potential mechanisms of TCM and the major ingredients on renal I/R injury.

TCM or its ingredients	Experiment object	Protective effects	Potential mechanisms	Ref.
Cordyceps sinensis	SD rats	Decreased inflammation	—	[9]
Cordycepin	SD rats	Decreased inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress	Nrf2-HO-1	[10]
Ligustrazine	C57BL/6 mice	Decreased apoptosis, oxidative stress	—	[11]
Yisheng injection	C57BL/6 mice	Reduced neutrophil infiltration, decreased inflammation	—	[12]
Fufang Shenhua Tablet	Wistar rats	Decreased inflammation	Downregulation of TLRs	[8]
	Wistar rats	Decreased inflammation	MyD88 signaling pathway	[13]
	Wistar rats	Decreased Na + -K + -ATPase level	—	[5]
Berberine	NRK-52E cells	Decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis	Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway	[14]
Glycyrrhizin	C57BL/6 mice	Inhibition of inflammation and renal cell apoptosis	p38 MAPK signaling pathway	[15]
Honokiol	Wistar albino rats	Inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation	—	[16]
Cryptotanshinone	C57BL/6 mice	Inhibition of cell apoptosis and inflammatory response	NF-κB-p38 MAPK signaling pathway	[17]
Hyperoside	C57BL/6 mice	Attenuated tubular cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial fission	OMA1-OPA1 axis	[18]
	HK-2 cells
Notoginsenoside R1	SD rats	Reduced apoptosis and inflammatory response	NF-κB-p38 MAPK signaling pathway	[19]
Brazilin	SD rats	Decreased inflammation attenuated apoptosis and oxidative stress	NF-κB signaling pathway	[20]
Salvianolic acid A	SD rats		Akt/mTOR/4EBP1 pathway	[21]
	HK-2 cells
Salvianolic acid B	BALB/c mice	Reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of pyroptosis	Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway	[22]
Total glucosides of paeony	SD rats	Attenuated apoptosis and inflammation	XIST/miR-124-3p/ITGB1 axis	[23]
	NRK-52E cells
Hydroxysafflor yellow A	SD rats	Decreased inflammation	TLR4/NF-κB pathway	[4]
Sanqi oral solution	SD rats	Enhanced autophagy, attenuated apoptosis	ERK/mTOR pathway	[7]
Arctigenin	C57BL/6 mice	Alleviated inflammatory response and oxidative stress	NF-κB signaling pathway	[3]
Farnesiferol B	Female C57/BJ mice	Attenuated inflammation	TGR5/NF-κB signaling pathway	[2]
Polydatin	BALB/c mice	Antiapoptosis and antioxidative effects	Sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling pathway	[24]
	Primary renal tubular epithelial cells