Table 4.
The Factors Associated with the Profiles of Blood Glucose Monitoring Among the Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Shandong Province, China
| Characteristics | Low Frequency, (%, Row) | High Frequency, (%, Row) | COR, 95% CI | AOR, 95% CI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | High Frequency in Hospitals | High Frequency in Primary Health Institutes | High Frequency in Pharmacies | High Frequency in Self-Monitoring | ||||
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 898 (83.9) | 172 (16.1) | 16 (1.5) | 82 (7.7) | 52 (4.9) | 22 (2.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 1011 (92.2) | 85 (7.8) | 12 (1.1) | 51 (4.7) | 15 (1.4) | 7 (0.6) | 0.44 (0.33~0.58)** | 0.47 (0.35~0.63)** |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 652 (87.0) | 97 (13.0) | 13 (1.7) | 40 (5.3) | 30 (4.0) | 14 (1.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1257 (88.7) | 160 (11.3) | 15 (1.1) | 93 (6.6) | 37 (2.6) | 15 (1.1) | 0.82 (0.63~1.07) | 0.86 (0.65~1.15) |
| Age group, years | ||||||||
| <65 | 946 (87.1) | 140 (12.9) | 17 (1.6) | 78 (7.2) | 29 (2.7) | 16 (1.5) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥65 | 963 (89.2) | 117 (10.8) | 11 (1.0) | 55 (5.1) | 38 (3.5) | 13 (1.2) | 0.86 (0.65~1.12) | 0.96 (0.71~1.30) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Others | 261 (86.7) | 40 (13.3) | 5 (1.7) | 21 (7.0) | 9 (3.0) | 5 (1.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Married | 1648 (88.4) | 217 (11.6) | 23 (1.2) | 112 (6.0) | 58 (3.1) | 24 (1.3) | 0.86 (0.60~1.23) | 0.71 (0.49~1.04) |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| No formal education | 633 (89.0) | 78 (11.0) | 8 (1.1) | 49 (6.9) | 16 (2.3) | 5 (0.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Primary school | 648 (90.5) | 68 (9.5) | 5 (0.7) | 33 (4.6) | 22 (3.1) | 8 (1.1) | 0.85 (0.60~1.20) | 0.73 (0.51~1.05) |
| Junior school and above | 628 (85.0) | 111 (15.0) | 15 (2.0) | 51 (6.9) | 29 (3.9) | 16 (2.2) | 1.43 (1.05~1.96)* | 1.00 (0.68~1.47) |
| Annual household income, RMB Yuan | ||||||||
| 0~3000 | 496 (91.5) | 46 (8.5) | 4 (0.7) | 31 (5.7) | 6 (1.1) | 5 (0.9) | 1 | 1 |
| 3000~6000 | 478 (88.4) | 63 (11.6) | 8 (1.5) | 33 (6.1) | 16 (3.0) | 6 (1.1) | 1.42 (0.95~2.12) | 1.36 (0.90~2.04) |
| 6000~12,000 | 480 (88.7) | 61 (11.3) | 7 (1.3) | 33 (6.1) | 13 (2.4) | 8 (1.5) | 1.37 (0.92~2.05) | 1.27 (0.84~1.92) |
| >12,000 | 455 (83.9) | 87 (16.1) | 9 (1.7) | 36 (6.6) | 32 (5.9) | 10 (1.8) | 2.06 (1.41~3.01)** | 1.58 (1.04~2.41)* |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| Uninsured | 50 (89.3) | 6 (10.7) | 0 | 4 (7.1) | 2 (3.6) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| URRBMI | 1743 (89.1) | 213 (10.9) | 21 (1.1) | 118 (6.0) | 50 (2.6) | 24 (1.2) | 1.02 (0.43~2.40) | 0.96 (0.40~2.31) |
| UEBMI | 116 (75.3) | 38 (24.7) | 7 (4.5) | 11 (7.1) | 15 (9.7) | 5 (3.2) | 2.73 (1.09~6.87)* | 1.86 (0.71~4.91) |
| Duration of diabetes, years | ||||||||
| <5 | 753 (90.4) | 80 (9.6) | 5 (0.6) | 44 (5.3) | 23 (2.8) | 8 (1.0) | 1 | 1 |
| 6~10 | 598 (87.9) | 82 (12.1) | 7 (1.0) | 48 (7.1) | 18 (2.6) | 9 (1.3) | 1.29 (0.93~1.79) | 1.21 (0.86~1.70) |
| >10 | 558 (85.5) | 95 (14.5) | 16 (2.5) | 41 (6.3) | 26 (4.0) | 12 (1.8) | 1.60 (1.17~2.20)** | 1.38 (0.96~1.98) |
| Diabetes comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 1246 (89.4) | 147 (10.6) | 13 (0.9) | 86 (6.2) | 33 (2.4) | 15 (1.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 663 (85.8) | 110 (14.2) | 15 (1.9) | 47 (6.1) | 34 (4.4) | 14 (1.8) | 1.41 (1.08~1.83)* | 1.37 (1.03~1.82)* |
| Blood glucose control status | ||||||||
| FPG:<7.0mmol/L | 1094 (88.2) | 146 (11.8) | 20 (1.6) | 76 (6.1) | 35 (2.8) | 15 (1.2) | 1 | 1 |
| FPG:≥7.0mmol/L | 815 (88.0) | 111 (12.0) | 8 (0.9) | 57 (6.2) | 32 (3.5) | 14 (1.5) | 1.02 (0.78~1.33) | 0.97 (0.63~1.50) |
| Therapy regimen | ||||||||
| Diet/excise | 269 (89.7) | 31 (10.3) | 4 (1.3) | 18 (6) | 8 (2.7) | 1 (0.3) | 1 | 1 |
| OAD | 1365 (88.3) | 180 (11.7) | 17 (1.1) | 96 (6.2) | 48 (3.1) | 19 (1.2) | 1.14 (0.76~1.71) | 1.14 (0.86~1.51) |
| Insulin | 275 (85.7) | 46 (14.3) | 7 (2.2) | 19 (5.9) | 11 (3.4) | 9 (2.8) | 1.45 (0.89~2.36) | 1.33 (0.88~1.99) |
| Knowledge about PFG target | ||||||||
| Poor | 804 (91.4) | 76 (8.6) | 4 (0.5) | 51 (5.8) | 15 (1.7) | 6 (0.7) | 1 | 1 |
| Good | 1105 (85.9) | 181 (14.1) | 24 (1.9) | 82 (6.4) | 52 (4) | 23 (1.8) | 1.73 (1.31~2.30)** | 1.59 (1.17~2.16)** |
| Utilization of inpatient services | ||||||||
| No | 1702 (88.6) | 218 (11.4) | 19 (1) | 115 (6.0) | 60 (3.1) | 24 (1.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 207 (84.1) | 39 (15.9) | 9 (3.7) | 18 (7.3) | 7 (2.8) | 5 (2.0) | 1.47 (1.02~2.13)* | 0.93 (0.53~1.65) |
Notes: **P<0.001; *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; UEBMI, Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance; URRBMI, Urban and Rural Residents Basic Medical Insurance; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents; FBG, fasting blood glucose.
Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; UEBMI, Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance; URRBMI, Urban and Rural Residents Basic Medical Insurance; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents; FBG, fasting blood glucose.