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. 2021 Feb 26;9:14. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-00127-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Consumption of an ultra-processed diet affects extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and degradation. Heatmaps representing the expression signature of differentially expressed genes in the (a) ECM pathway, (b) A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) gene family, and (c) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family. d–k Expression frequency of genes associated with growth plate (GP) chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. BPM signaling pathway: d Fst, e Nog, f Inhba and g Gdf10; Sox signaling pathway: h Sox9, i Acan, j Col II and k Col X. l Heatmap representing the expression signature of the VEGF gene family. Expression frequency of genes associated with the mineralization process: m DMP1, n Phex, o MGP. The uniquely mapped reads per gene were counted using HTSeq-count, and differential expression analysis was performed using the DESeq2 R package. * Denotes significant differences from the control group. Genes were considered significantly expressed if the adjusted P value was lower than 0.05. Groups: Control (n = 4) and ultra-processed food (UPF) (n = 5)