Table 1.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from monomeric substrates using visible light sources
| Photocatalyst | Substrate | Power intensity mWcm−2 | Production rates mmol h−1gcat−1 | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pt/TiO2/SiO2 | MeOH/H2O |
100 (AM 1.5G) |
497 | Han et al. 2015 [22] |
| Au/TiO2 | MeOH/H2O |
– (Solar Simulator) |
1.4–7.0 | Serra et al. 2015 [38] |
| Au/TiO2 | EtOH |
100 (Solar Simulator) |
5–6 | Puga et al. 2014 [35] |
| CuOx/TiO2 | EtOH |
100 (Solar Simulator equipped with 150 W Xe lamp) |
– (4 mg h−1 g−1cat) |
Ampelli et al. 2013 [67] |
| Fe2O3 | EtOH |
– (Solar Simulator) |
– (20 mmol h−1 m−2) |
Carraro et al. 2014 [68] |
| Ag/Fe2O3 | EtOH |
– (Solar Simulator) |
– (24.0 mmol h−1 m−2) |
Carraro et al. 2014 [68] |
| Au/Fe2O3 | EtOH |
– (Solar Simulator) |
– (45.0 mmol h−1 m−2) |
Carraro et al. 2014 [68] |
| Pt/TiO2-nanotubes | EtOH |
– (Low-power solar lamp, 60 W tungsten) |
– (37.1 μmol h−1 cm−2) |
Ampelli et al. 2010 [69] |
| Cu2O/TiO2-nanorods | Glycerol |
– (Natural sunlight) |
50.339 | Kumar et al.. 2015 [70] |
| TiO2-nanorods | Glycerol |
– (Natural sunlight) |
2.95 | Kumar et al. 2015 [70] |
| CuO/TiO2-nanotubes | Glycerol |
– (Natural sunlight) |
99.823 | Kumar et al. 2013 [71] |
| ZnO/ZnS-nanorods | Glycerol |
– (500 W Xe) |
0.3884 | Sang et al. 2012 [72] |
| Cu2O-microcrystals | Formaldehyde |
50 (Xe > 420 nm) |
– (82.2 μmol in 3 h) |
Gao et al. 2015 [73] |
| Pt@ZnIn2S4/RGO/BiVO4 (Z-scheme) | Formaldehyde | – | 1.687 | Zhu et al. 2019 [74] |
| Ir-Bpy-ENT (Iridium-based bipyridine- and ethenyl-incorporated bifunctional organosilica nanotubes) | Formaldehyde |
– (Vis > 420 nm) |
– (14.9 mL in 5 h) |
Zhang et al. 2018 [75] |
| Cu/TiO2 | Acetic acid |
100 (AM 1.5 G) |
0.036 | Imizcoz et al. 2019 [76] |
| NiS/CdS | Lactic acid (with lignin) |
– (300 W Xe 400 nm) |
1.5124 | Li et al. 2018 [50] |
| Pt/Holey carbon nitride-N-acetylethanolamine (HCN-NEA) | Triethanolamine |
– (300 W Xe) |
22.043 | Liu et al. 2020 [77] |
| Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C3N4 | Ascorbic acid |
334.8 (300 W Xe 500 nm) |
− (3.045 μmol h−1) | Zhang et al. 2015 [78] |
| Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C3N4 | Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid |
6.3 (300 W Xe 420 nm) |
0.044 | Zhang et al. 2015 [78] |
| Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C3N4 | Triethanolamine |
6.3 (300 W Xe 500 nm) |
− (0.104 μmol h−1) | Zhang et al. 2015 [78] |
| Pt/C3N4-TiO2 | Triethanolamine |
– (250 W visible light source) |
1.042 | Alcudia-Ramos et al. 2020 [79] |
| Mn-MOF@Au | Triethylamine |
– (2.02 W white LED) |
0.6 | Luo et al. 2018 [80] |