Table 3.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production from raw biomass using visible light sources

Photocatalyst	Substrate	Power intensity mW cm−2	Production rates mmol h−1 gcat−1	Refs.
Pt/TiO2	Fescue grass	– (150 W Xe)	0.061	Caravaca et al. 2016 [116]
Co/CdS/CdOx	Wooden branch	100 (AM 1.5 G)	5.31	Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]
Co/CdS/CdOx	Sawdust	100 (AM 1.5 G)	0.75	Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]
Co/CdS/CdOx	Grass	100 (AM 1.5 G)	1.0	Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]
Co/CdS/CdOx	Bagasse	100 (AM 1.5 G)	0.37	Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]
Cyanamide-functionalized carbon nitride (NCNCNx)	Sawdust	100 (AM 1.5 G)	0.202	Kasap et al. 2018 [4]
CoO/g-C3N4	Wheat strawa	– (300 W Xe)	129 µmol gcat−1	Wu et al. 2020 [20]
Au/CdS	Waste paper scrapsa	– (300 W Xe > 400 nm)	0.0276	Wang et al. 2020 [8]

^aThese studies did pretreat the biomass substrate prior to photocatalytic utilization