Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of timelines of CRISPR development which highlights the important discoveries related to CRISPR technology from 1987 to current year. CRISPR technology was first reported in 1987 in Osaka University, whereas the term CRISPR–Cas9 was first coined in 2002. In 2012, first patent for CRISPR–Cas9 technology was submitted, and in 2015, first report of human genes edited by CRISPR came out which fueled the controversy about ethical issues related to gene-editing technologies. In the same year, US scientists used CRISPR/Cas9 for making genetically modified mosquitoes, to prevent them carrying malaria parasite. In 2018, first CRISPR–Cas9 clinical trial was launched. In 2020, first patient received gene therapy where CRISPR was administered directly into the body and in the same year Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for CRISPR technology