Table 2.

Applications of CRISPR in different fields

Field	Applications	References
Agriculture	Knockout of two homologs of the BnaMAX1, which resulted in the increase of yield in rapeseed	Zheng et al. (2020a)
	CRISPR-mediated knockout of phytochrome C in maize resulted in regulation of flowering time and height of the plant	Li et al. (2020c)
	Semi-dwarf rice lines lacking any residual transgene-DNA and off-target effects were generated through CRISPR/Cas9-guided mutagenesis of the OsGA20ox2 gene in a high yielding Basmati rice line	Nawaz et al. (2020)
	Complete reproductive sterility in the poplar sterile apetala (PopSAP) via the CRISPR/Cas9	Azeez and Busov (2020)
	Knockout of OsGhd7 via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in rice varieties with early flowering and early maturity	Wang et al. (2020)
	CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlHyPRP1 resulted in salt stress-tolerant events in cultivated tomato	Tran et al. (2020)
	CRISPR/Cas9 editing of OsROS1 gene resulted in pollen and embryo sac defects in the rice	Xu et al. (2020)
	Genome-editing via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in the modification of MaGA20ox2 gene which created semi-dwarf banana	Shao et al. (2020)
	OsPYL9 was mutagenized through CRISPR/Cas9 enhanced Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)	Usman et al. (2020)
Gene therapy	The targeting of IVS1-110G>A mutation using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and the IVS2-654C>T mutation by Cas12a/Cpf1 RNP in primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from β-thalassemia patients	Xu et al. (2019b)
	Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated cleavage within a GATA1 binding site at the + 58 BCL11A erythroid enhancer has resulted in the induction of γ fetal globulin in Sickle cell anemia patients	Wu et al. (2019)
	Development of EDIT-101, a candidate genome-editing therapeutic using CRISPR/Cas9, to remove the aberrant splice donor created by the IVS26 mutation in the CEP290 gene and restore normal CEP290 expression in the Lebercongenital amaurosis type 10	Maeder et al. (2019)
	CRISPR/Cas9 system was used in the mdx mouse model of DMD to remove the mutated exon 23 from the dystrophin gene	Nelson et al. (2016)
	CRISPR/Cas9 endonucleases coupled with paired guide RNAs flanking the mutated Dmd exon23 were used in excision of intervening DNA and restored the Dmd reading frame in myofibers, cardiomyocytes, and muscle stem cells after local or systemic delivery	Tabebordbar et al. (2016)
	It has been demonstrated that in a mouse model of tyrosinaemia, hydrodynamic tail-vein injection of plasmid DNA encoding the adenine base editor (ABE) and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA), can correct an A>G splice-site mutation	Song et al. (2020)
	AAV delivery of CRISPR can effectively correct Z-AAT mutation in the liver of a transgenic mouse model of Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency	Song et al. (2018)
Cell and animal disease models	A human muscle cell model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy created through CRISPR/Cas9 by targeted removal of DMD exons 51–57	Shimo et al. (2018)
	CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to introduce a heterozygous nonsense mutation in the PAX6 gene of LSCs, which is found in Aniridia-Related Keratopathy patients	Roux et al. (2018)
	CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in BV-2 cells resulted in microglial models for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy	Raas et al. (2019)
	Development of DMD mouse model was achieved by deleting exons 8–34 of the X-linked mouse Dmd gene using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, which led to a reading frame shift and the absence of functional dystrophin production	Egorova et al. (2019)
	First CRISPR/Cas9-induced Lep and Lepr knockout (KO) mouse models for diabetics and obesity were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technique by specifically targeting Lep or Lepr in C57BL/6J embryos, which resulted in phenotypic such as an increase in body weight, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis	Roh et al. (2018)
	A new tau knockout strain (tauΔex1) of Alzheimer’s was generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing of intron-1/exon 1 of Mapt in C57Bl/6J mice	Tan et al. (2018)
	A knock-in (KI) pig model of Huntington Disease, which endogenously expresses full-length mutant huntingtin (HTT) was developed using CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic nuclear transfer technology	Yan et al. (2018)