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. 2021 Feb 26;12:1312. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21599-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Illustration of the setup of electricity-adaptive properties testing in stress relaxation and tensile tests. The action area of the film is 5.5 × 2 mm. b, c Electricity-adaptive stress relaxation. b Temporal evolution of the stress of CNF/EG-UPy₂₉/SWNT (50/50/10) nanocomposites. This contains four steps: Stretching to strain = 1.0 ± 0.1%; relaxation for 20 s at ambient condition (power off); relaxation for 20 s with power on and voltage-controlled Joule heating; power off and further relaxation for 20 s. c Stress decay as a function of temperature with applied voltage from 25 to 45 s (indicated in (a) as from ① to ②). The stress decay defined as the relative reduction in stress during 20 s of power turn-on: (σ₁ − σ₂)/σ₁. d, e Electricity-adaptive global tensile properties. d Stress–strain curves of CNF/EG-UPy₂₉/SWNT (50/50/10) nanocomposites under Joule heating and varying temperature. e From top to bottom, the panels show the corresponding E, σ_y, and the slope of inelastic deformation region as a function of temperature. f–h Dynamic in situ modulation of the mechanical properties under Joule heating. f The illustration of the setup of electricity-adaptive properties testing inside a DMA using oscillatory deformation. g Temporal evolution of storage modulus, G′, tested using DMA with varied voltage to control the temperature, which shows the reversible and electricity-adaptive properties of the bioinspired nanocomposites. The black and red lines are the G′ for CNF/EG-UPy₂₉/SWNT (50/50/10) and CNF/EG/SWNT (50/50/10), and the green line the corresponds to the temperature during the tests. h The reduction of G′ as a function of temperature extracted from (d).