Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study and country | Sample size | Design | Overall age mean ± SD | Male n (%) | Hypertension n (%) | Diabetes n (%) | Cardiovascular disease n (%) | Statin use n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamdari NM et al. [12] 2020 (Iran) | 459 | Retrospective cohort | 61.7 ± 11.8 | 320 (69.7%) | 214 (46.6%) | 119 (25.1%) | 185 (40.3%) | 117 (25.5%) |
| An C et al. [13] 2020 (Korea) | 10,237 | Retrospective cohort | 44.9 ± 19.7 | 4088 (39.9%) | 7090 (69.3%) | 1021 (10%) | 511 (5%) | 1074 (10.5%) |
| Argenziano MG et al. [14] 2020 (USA) | 1000 | Retrospective cohort | 62.6 ± 18.5 | 596 (59.6%) | 601 (60.1%) | 372 (37.2%) | 233 (23.3%) | 361 (36.1%) |
| Ayed M et al. [15] 2020 (Kuwait) | 103 | Retrospective cohort | 53.3 ± 14 | 88 (85.5%) | 36 (35%) | 40 (39.2%) | 12 (11.8%) | 10 (9.8%) |
| Bifulco M et al. [16] 2020 (Italy) | 541 | Retrospective cohort | 65 ± 11.3 | 341 (63%) | 273 (50.4%) | 130 (24%) | 143 (26.4%) | 117 (21.6%) |
| Cariou B et al. [17] 2020 (France) | 1317 | Retrospective cohort | 69.8 ± 13 | 855 (64.9%) | 1003 (77.2%) | 1317 (100%) | 140 (11.6%) | 627 (47.6%) |
| Daniels LB et al. [18] 2020 (USA) | 170 | Retrospective cohort | 59 ± 19 | 98 (57.6%) | 75 (44.1%) | 34 (20%) | 56 (32.9%) | 46 (27%) |
| De Spiegeleer AD et al. [19] 2020 (Belgium) | 154 | Retrospective cohort | 85.9 ± 7.2 | 51 (33.1%) | 39 (25.3%) | 28 (18.2%) | N/A | 31 (20.1%) |
| Dreher M et al. [20] 2020 (Germany) | 50 | Retrospective cohort | 66.3 ± 13.3 | 33 (66%) | 35 (70%) | 29 (58%) | 7 (14%) | 18 (36%) |
| Gupta A et al. [21] 2020 (USA) | 2626 | Retrospective cohort | 62.3 ± 20 | 1497 (57%) | 1430 (54.4%) | 968 (36.8%) | 1052 (40%) | 876 (33.3%) |
| Higuchi T et al. [22] 2020 (Japan) | 57 | Retrospective cohort | 52.1 ± 25.5 | 32 (56.1%) | 16 (28.1%) | 13 (22.8%) | 5 (8.8%) | 12 (21.1%) |
| Hippisley-Cox J et al. [23] 2020 (England) | 8,275,949 | Prospective cohort | 48.4 ± 18.4 | 4,115,973 (49.7%) | 1,414,021 (17.1%) | 575,610 (6.9%) | 433,631 (5.24%) | 1,073,039 (12.9%) |
| Ho F et al. [24] 2020 (England) | 285,817 | Prospective cohort | 57.6 ± 8.4 | 131,589 (46%) | N/A | 13,658 (4.7%) | 13,819 (4.8%) | 44,250 (15.4%) |
| Holman N et al. [25] 2020 (England) | 3,138,410 | Retrospective cohort | 65.8 ± 14.3 | 1,756,110 (55.9%) | 734,965 (23.4%) | 3,138,410 (100%) | 196,305 (6.2%) | 2,218,500 (70.6%) |
| Huh K et al. [26] 2020 (Korea) | 65,149 | Case-control | 48.3 ± 15.3 | 32,183 (49.4%) | 21,368 (32.8%) | 17,981 (27.6%) | 13,533 (20.7%) | 11,103 (17%) |
| Inciardi RM et al. [27] 2020 (Italy) | 99 | Retrospective cohort | 67 ± 12 | 80 (81%) | 63 (64%) | 30 (31%) | 53 (54%) | 25 (26%) |
| Israel A et al. [28] 2020 (Israel) | 20,757 | Retrospective cohort | 59 ± 19.1 | 10,473 (50.4%) | 8511 (41%) | 11,076 (53.3%) | 6873 (33.1%) | 937 (4.5%) |
| Izzi-Engbeaya C et al. [29] 2020 | 889 | Retrospective cohort | 65.8 ± 17.5 | 534 (60%) | 418 (47%) | 337 (38%) | 373 (42%) | 180.9 ± 99.8 |
| Kibler M et al. [30] 2020 (France) | 702 | Retrospective cohort | 82 ± 6.9 | 313 (44%) | 587 (83.6%) | 213 (30.3%) | 318 (45.3%) | 344 (50.2%) |
| Lala A et al. [31] 2020 (USA) | 2736 | Retrospective cohort | 66.4 ± 15.8 | 1630 (59.6%) | 1065 (38.9%) | 719 (26.3%) | 935 (34.1%) | 984 (36%) |
| Luo P et al. [32] 2020 (China) | 283 | Retrospective cohort | 64.5 ± 10 | 156 (55.1%) | 164 (57.9%) | 283 (100%) | 43 (15.1%) | 55 (19.4%) |
| Maddaloni E et al. [33] 2020 (Italy) | 237 | Case-control | 75 ± 12.5 | 151 (63.7%) | N/A | 237 (100%) | 31 (13%) | 150 (63.2%) |
| Masana L et al. [34] 2020 (Spain) | 2157 | Retrospective cohort | 66.3 ± 17.7 | 1234 (57.3%) | 1081 (50.1%) | 501 (23.2%) | 620 (28.7%) | 581 (26.9%) |
| McCarthy CP et al. [35] 2020 (USA) | 247 | Retrospective cohort | 62.3 ± 19.2 | 143 (57.9%) | 128 (51.8%) | 68 (27.5%) | 114 (46.1%) | 107 (43.3%) |
| Ramachandran P et al. [36] 2020 (USA) | 295 | Retrospective cohort | 64.3 ± 14.8 | 162 (54.9%) | 209 (70.8%) | 132 (44.7%) | 45 (15.2%) | 114 (38.6%) |
| Rodriguez-Nava G et al. [37] 2020 (USA) | 87 | Retrospective cohort | 67 ± 12.5 | 56 (64.4%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 47 (54%) |
| Saeed O et al. [38] 2020 (USA) | 4252 | Retrospective cohort | 65 ± 16 | 2255 (53%) | 3060 (72%) | 2266 (53%) | 1111 (26%) | 1355 (31.8%) |
| Song SL et al. [39] 2020 (USA) | 249 | Retrospective cohort | 62.6 ± 17.7 | 142 (57%) | 122 (49%) | 83 (33.3%) | 70 (28.1%) | 123 (49.3%) |
| Tan WYT et al. [40] 2020 (Singapore) | 717 | Retrospective cohort | 40.6 ± 28.1 | 410 (57.2%) | 139 (19.3%) | 76 (10.6%) | 50 (6.9%) | 151 (21%) |
| Ullah AZMD et al. [41] 2020 (England) | 15,586 | Retrospective cohort | 57.1 ± 18.2 | 6840 (43.9%) | 10,167 (65.2%) | 6047 (38.8%) | 4421 (28.4%) | 5221 (33.5%) |
| Vila-Corcoles A et al. [42] 2020 (Spain) | 34,936 | Retrospective cohort | 70.9 ± 11.3 | 16,805 (48.1%) | 34,936 (100%) | 9829 (28.1%) | 10,097 (28.9%) | 11,328 (32.4%) |
| Wang B et al. [43] 2020 (USA) | 58 | Retrospective cohort | 67 ± 12.5 | 30 (52%) | 37 (64%) | 16 (28%) | 20 (34%) | 27 (47%) |
| Yan H et al. [44] 2020 (China) | 49,245 | Retrospective cohort | 49.9 ± 16.6 | 23,799 (48.3%) | 9985 (20.2%) | 2977 (6%) | 637 (2.1%) | 458 (1.5%) |
| Zeng H et al. [45] 2020 (China) | 1031 | Retrospective cohort | 60.3 ± 14.3 | 538 (52.2%) | 384 (37.2%) | 189 (18.3%) | 84 (8.1%) | 38 (3.6%) |
| Zhang XJ et al. [46] 2020 (China) | 13,981 | Retrospective cohort | 56.3 ± 16.2 | 6830 (48.8%) | 4860 (34.7%) | 2282 (16.3%) | 1171 (8.3%) | 1219 (8.7%) |