Table 1.
Selected variants in GIP and GLP1R and their association with T2DM risk and glucose metabolism.
| Gene | SNP | Alleles | Consequence | Associated traits | Population | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GIPR | rs1800437 | G/C | Missense variant | No association with T2DM | EPIC-Potsdam, Germany | Nitz et al. [182] |
| No association with T2DM | Egyptian | Shalaby et al. [183] | ||||
| rs2302382 | C/A | Splice region variant | Allele A was associated with T2DM risk | Egyptian | Shalaby et al. [183] | |
| rs10423928 | T/A | Intron variant | Allele A was associated with decreased insulin level after OGTT and increased risk of T2DM | GWAS meta-analysis | Saxena et al. [184] | |
| Allele A was associated with an increased risk of T2DM | Chinese | Hu et al. [185] | ||||
| Allele A was associated with higher fasting proinsulin levels and a lower insulinogenic index | White European and US cohort | Ingelsson et al. [186] | ||||
| rs8108269 | T/G | Intergenic variant | No association with T2DM | Japanese | Matsuba et al. [187] | |
| Allele G identified as a risk allele for T2DM susceptibility | European, GWAS | Morris et al. [188] | ||||
| rs2334255 | G/T | 3′ UTR variant | Polymorphism associated with T2DM and obesity | various, GWAS | Zhang et al. [167] | |
| GLP1R | rs3765467 | G/A/C/T | Missense variant | Effect allele A was associated with decreased risk of T2DM, decreased glucose level and HbA1c in control subjects without diabetes | East Asian | Kwak et al. [189] |
| Allele G identified as a risk allele for T2DM susceptibility | Japanese | Suzuki et al. [178] | ||||
| rs10305492 | G/A | Missense variant | Allele A was associated with lower fasting glucose level and a lower risk of T2DM | - | Scott et al. [190] | |
| Allele A was associated with lower fasting glucose and T2DM risk | Various, GWAS | Wessel et al. [191] | ||||
| rs367543060 | C/T | Missense variant | No association with T2DM | Egyptian | Shalaby et al. [183] | |
| rs6923761 | G/A/C | Missense variant | No association with fasting glucose | Caucasian females (diabetic) | De Luis et al. [159] | |
| Allele A was associated with higher insulin and HOMA levels | Morbidly obese patients | De Luis et al. [161] |
T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; GWAS: genome-wide association study; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HOMA: homeostatic model assessment.