Table 2.

Incretin-based therapies approved for T2DM [18,221,229,230]. Modification.

Drug	Homology to Native GLP-1/DPP-4 Inhibition	T1/2	Dosage	Reduction in HbA1c (%)	Reduction in Body Weight (kg)
GLP-1RA
Exenatide extended-release	53%	96 h	2 mg once weekly	1.3–1.9	2–3.7
Exenatide immediate release	53%	2.4 h	5–10 μg twice daily	0.8–1.2	1–3
Liraglutide	97%	~13 h	1.2–1.8 mg once daily	0.8–1.5	2–3
Dulaglutide	90%	~1 week	0.75–1.5 mg once weekly	0.78–1.5	0.8–2.5
Semaglutide	94%	4.5–4.7 days	0.5–1 mg once weekly	1.2–18	3.5–6.5
Lixisenatide	50%	~3 h	20 μg once daily	1.3–2.7	1.3–2.7
Albiglutide	97%	5 days	30–50 mg once weekly	0.7–1	0.8–1.1
DPP-4 inhibitors
Sitagliptin	Max: ~97%, 80% 24 h post dose	8–24 h	100 mg once daily	0.4–1.3	-
Saxagliptin	Max: ~80%; 70% 24 h post dose	2–4 h	5 mg once daily	0.5–1.7	-
Linagliptin	Max~80%; 70% 24 h post dose	10–40 h	5 mg once daily	0.2–1.1	-
Alogliptin	Max: ~90%; 75% 24 h post dose	12–21 h	25 mg once daily	0.5–0.7	-
Vildagliptin	Max: ~95%; 80% 24 h post dose	1.5–4.5 h	50 mg twice daily	0.2–1	-

DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; T_1/2: half-life; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist.