Table 1.
Anthropometric, metabolic and bone markers of participants according to groups.
| Parameter | OP | CTRs | p-Value | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 174 | 198 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.7 ± 7.8 | 53.4 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 6.1 | 34.3 ± 5.3 | <0.001 | - |
| WC (cm) | 96.4 ± 14.9 | 102.5 ± 13.2 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
| HC (cm) | 106.3 ± 13.5 | 112.6 ± 12.5 | <0.001 | 0.57 |
| WHR | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.49 | 0.41 |
| Age of Menarche (Years) | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 0.18 | 0.93 |
| Menopause (Years) # | 10.0 (4.0–15.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| T- score AP Spine L1-L4 # | −2.9 (−3.4–−2.7) | −0.3 (−0.7–0.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| T-Score (DF-left) # | −1.4 (−2.0–−0.9) | 0.7 (0.1–1.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMD (Spine) | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMD (DF-Left) | 0.80 ± 0.13 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMD (DF-Right) | 0.81 ± 0.13 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| OPG (pg/mL) # | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.001 | 0.15 |
| RANKL (pg/mL) # | 30.9 (22.1–54.7) | 34.6 (20.9–65.5) | 0.46 | 0.13 |
| RANKL/OPG # | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 0.10 | 0.31 |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 73.1 (39.1–100.1) | 58.0 (34.4–82.3) | 0.06 | 0.58 |
| VDBP (µg/mL) | 11.3 (6.0–70.1) | 11.0 (5.9–46.6) | 0.41 | 0.19 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 15.7 (7.2–29.0) | 11.5 (6.7–20.4) | 0.08 | 0.30 |
| OC (ng/mL) | 12.7 (6.1–19.5) | 6.8 (3.3–12.9) | 0.025 | 0.19 |
| OPN (ng/mL) | 2.6 (1.3–3.9) | 2.3 (1.4–3.5) | 0.78 | 0.25 |
| SOST (ng/mL) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 1.5 (0.7–2.7) | 0.95 | 0.53 |
| NTx (nmol/L) | 56.1 (40.8–77.2) | 49.1 (38.1–62.6) | 0.32 | 0.63 |
| β-crosslap (ng/mL) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.72 | 0.75 |
| T. Pyrid (ng/mL) | 12.3 (7.3–20.7) | 15.3 (7.0–31.3) | 0.23 | 0.07 |
| TGF-β (ng/mL) | 35.0 (18.1–47.8) | 41.5 (35.2–53.0) | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 18.4 (13.3–40.3) | 17.7 (11.9–43.0) | 0.80 | 0.62 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 1.7 (0.4–2.7) | 1.6 (0.4–2.7) | 0.59 | 0.87 |
Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation for normal variables while the median (quartile 1–quartile 3) presented for non-normal variables; # indicates non-normal variables; p-value < 0.05 considered significant, * indicates adjusted p-value for age and BMI; body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), hip to waist ratio (WHR), bone mineral density (BMD), dual femur (DF), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25 (OH)D), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), the serum concentration of sclerostin (SOST), serum N-terminal telopeptide (NTx), C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (β-cross lap), total pyridinoline (T.Pyrid), tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β).