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. 2021 Apr;73(2):679–728. doi: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000020

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance in Gram negative bacteria via lipid A modifications with L-Ara4N, pEtN, galactosamine, and palmitoylation; efflux pump systems, capsule shielding, loss of LPS, and polymyxin dependence.