Table 1.

Potential therapeutic compounds based on antioxidant properties.

Antioxidant Compound	Therapeutic Effect	Model	Mechanism	References
Vitamin E	Lipid metabolism improvement; Decrease HSC activation	NAFLD patients	Stabilizing free radicals and prevention against lipid peroxidation. -Nrf2 pathway	[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163]
Vitamin C	Suppress HFD-induced visceral obesity	HFD 1 C57BL/6J mice NAFLD patients	Increased expression PPARα-dependent fatty acid β-oxidation genes.	[164,165,166]
Caffeine	Reduces hepatic lipid accumulation	Zebrafish HFD 1 model	-Nrf2 pathway-ER stress prevention -AMPK activation -Increasing fatty oxidation	[176,177,178,179,180,181,182]
Coffee polyphenols	Reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, proinflammatory cytokine expression. Attenuated fibrosis	Mice models HFD 1, MCD 2 and CDAA 3	Nrf2-ARE pathway activation -Lipogenesis regulation -NLRP3 inflammasome -ER stress and apoptosis protection	[184,185,186,187]
Metformin	protection against palmitate cell death.	Primary Rat hepatocytes HepG2	-Decrease ROS production -Increase SOD expression -mitochondrial restoration -Autophagy induction through AMPK	[188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197]
Hesperetin	protection against palmitate cell death	Primary Rat Hepatocytes HepG2	-ERK/Nrf2 Induction-ER stress protection -NF-kB modulation	[198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206]

¹ HFD: high fat diet; ² MCD: methionine- and choline-deficient diet; ³ CDAA: choline-deficient diet and L-amino-acid-defined diet.