Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis (odds ratios) for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among pregnant rural women in Bangladesh.
| Variable | Vitamin D Insufficiency * | Vitamin D Deficiency ** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Age (year) | ||||||
| <25 | - | - | - | 2.12 | 1.06–4.21 | 0.033 |
| ≥25 (reference) | - | - | ||||
| Parity | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 2.72 | 1.75–4.23 | 0.0001 | 2.65 | 1.34–5.25 | 0.005 |
| Multipara (reference) | - | - | ||||
| Gestational age (week) | ||||||
| <13 | 2.68 | 1.39–5.19 | 0.003 | 2.55 | 1.12–5.79 | 0.025 |
| ≥13 (reference) | - | - | ||||
| Husband’s occupation | ||||||
| Labourer | 1.26 | 0.80–2.00 | 0.332 | - | - | - |
| Farmer | 2.06 | 1.22–3.50 | 0.007 | |||
| Business/Service (reference) | - | - | ||||
| Anaemia status | ||||||
| Anaemic (Haemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL) | 1.53 | 0.99–2.35 | 0.056 | - | - | - |
| Normal (Haemoglobin ≥ 11.0 g/dL) (reference) | ||||||
| Vitamin A Status | ||||||
| Sub-optimal (Serum retinol < 30.0 μg/dL) | - | - | - | 2.30 | 1.28–4.11 | 0.005 |
| Normal (reference) | - | |||||
* 25(OH)D < 30.0 nmol/L; ** 25(OH)D 30.0–50.0 nmol/L.