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. 2021 Jan 29;9(2):102. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020102

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Signaling pathways of obese/T2D immune cell (MNC/MP). Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) cells secrete high quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which trigger enhanced mitochondrial apoptosis through high mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). ROS production, free fatty acids and high glucose induce activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, activating IL-1β, leading to further inflammation. In addition, Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and Interleukin Receptors (ILR) signaling through NF-κB and MAPKs pathways, resulting in more inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-2, and TNF-α). Activation of these pathways increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the infiltration of more pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in tissues. MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase, IL: Interleukins, ILR: Interleukins receptor, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor, BAX: BCL2-associated X genes, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, IRAK-2: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2, EGRs: Early response genes, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B, TLR: Toll-like receptor, CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, mir146a: microRNA-146a, NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, ASC: Adaptor protein. Created with BioRender.com.