Table 2.
Means and standard deviations (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) for means of linear and nonlinear parameters for pre- and post-rehabilitation results in bipedal standing with and without visual feedback, where * indicates significant differences, p < 0.05; ↑ indicates an increase in a parameter value after rehabilitation and ↓ indicates a decrease.
| Study Group | Control Group | Study vs. Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Before (Mean ± SD, 95% CI) |
p-Value and Relation | After (Mean ± SD, 95% CI) |
Before (Mean ± SD, 95% CI) |
p-Value and Relation | After (Mean ± SD, 95% CI) |
p-Value and Relation for Before |
p-Value and Relation for After |
| Eyes Open | ||||||||
| SampEn CoP_ML | 0.29 ± 0.16 (0.22; 0.36) |
p = 0.2891 ↓ | 0.24 ± 0.13 (0.18; 0.30) |
0.23 ± 0.11 (0.18; 0.28) |
p = 0.1492 ↑ | 0.26 ± 0.14 (0.20; 0.32) |
p = 0.2371 | p = 0.6506 |
| SampEn CoP_AP | 0.2 ± 0.06 (0.17; 0.23) |
p = 0.1924 ↑ | 0.24 ± 0.12 (0.18; 0.30) |
0.27 ± 0.1 (0.22; 0.31) |
p = 0.1396 ↓ | 0.24 ± 0.12 (0.18; 0.29) |
p = 0.0305 | p = 0.9198 |
| Range_ML [cm] | 1.34 ± 0.58 (1.08; 1.60) |
p = 0.0929 ↓ | 1.12 ± 0.41 (0.93; 1.31) |
1.28 ± 0.53 (1.03; 1.52) |
p = 0.7676 ↑ | 1.3 ± 0.63 (1.02; 1.59) |
p = 0.6689 | p = 0.3023 |
| Range_AP [cm] | 2.61 ± 0.91 (2.20; 3.02) |
p = 0.0354 ↓* | 2.13 ± 0.74 (1.80; 2.47) |
2.41 ± 0.69 (2.10; 2.73) |
p = 0.7281 ↑ | 2.5 ± 0.96 (2.06; 2.93) |
p = 0.7341 | p = 0.2272 |
| Path Length [cm] | 45.43 ± 11.68 (40.11; 50.75) |
p = 0.0581 ↓ | 39.82 ± 8.54 (35.93; 43.71) |
49.07 ± 13.97 (42.71; 55.43) |
p = 0.7676 ↑ | 51.88 ± 23.37 (41.23; 62.51) |
p = 0.5628 | p = 0.1824 |
| CoP mean velocity [cm/s] | 1.52 ± 0.39 (1.33; 1.69) |
p = 0.0605 ↓ | 1.33 ± 0.28 (1.20; 1.46) |
1.64 ± 0.47 (1.42; 1.85) |
p = 0.7412 ↑ | 1.73 ± 0.78 (1.37; 2.08) |
p = 0.5799 | p = 0.1703 |
| Ellipse Area [cm2] | 2.47 ± 2.06 (1.53; 3.41) |
p = 0.0228 ↓* | 1.65 ± 0.9 (1.24; 2.05) |
2.07 ± 1.15 (1.54; 2.59) |
p = 0.3218 ↑ | 2.4 ± 1.7 (1.62; 3.17) |
p = 0.8800 | p = 0.2177 |
| Eyes Closed | ||||||||
| SampEn CoP_ML | 0.3 ± 0.17 (0.22; 0.37) |
p = 0.4979 ↓ | 0.28 ± 0.14 (0.21; 0.34) |
0.29 ± 0.13 (0.22; 0.35) |
p = 0.0792 ↓ | 0.24 ± 0.15 (0.17; 0.31) |
p = 0.8602 | p = 0.2371 |
| SampEn CoP_AP | 0.27 ± 0.09 (0.22; 0.31) |
p = 0.5663 ↑ | 0.28 ± 0.11 (0.23; 0.33) |
0.31 ± 0.13 (0.25; 0.37) |
p = 0.9861 ↑ | 0.31 ± 0.15 (0.24; 0.37) |
p = 0.3651 | p = 0.8405 |
| Range_ML [cm] | 1.5 ± 0.91 (1.08; 1.91) |
p = 0.6389 ↓ | 1.25 ± 0.41 (1.06; 1.44) |
1.7 ± 1.56 (0.99; 2.41) |
p = 0.3134 ↑ | 2.12 ± 1.92 (1.25; 2.99) |
p = 0.8503 | p = 0.2523 |
| Range_AP [cm] | 2.85 ± 0.97 (2.41; 3.29) |
p = 0.6813 ↓ | 2.7 ± 0.86 (2.31; 3.09) |
2.83 ± 0.91 (2.42; 3.25) |
p = 0.6021 ↑ | 3.18 ± 1.46 (2.52; 3.85) |
p = 0.9598 | p = 0.3265 |
| Path Length [cm] | 57.28 ± 15.45 (50.25; 64.32) |
p = 0.7676 ↓ | 54.78 ± 19.38 (45.95; 63.60) |
65.94 ± 28.46 (52.98; 78.90) |
p = 0.3391 ↑ | 76.52 ± 45.63 (55.75; 97.29) |
p = 0.5460 | p = 0.0871 |
| CoP mean velocity [cm/s] | 1.91 ± 0.51 (1.68; 2.14) |
p = 0.7676 ↓ | 1.82 ± 0.65 (1.53; 2.12) |
2.19 ± 0.95 (1.76; 2.62) |
p = 0.2958 ↑ | 2.55 ± 1.52 (1.86; 3.24) |
p = 0.6060 | p = 0.0943 |
| Ellipse Area [cm2] | 98.48 ± 438.45 (-101.1; 298.06) |
p = 0.1305 ↓ | 2.27 ± 1.18 (1.73; 2.80) |
2.94 ± 2.18 (1.95; 3.93) |
p = 0.1541 ↑ | 5.15 ± 5.58 (2.61; 7.69) |
p = 0.7341 | p = 0.1908 |