Table 1.
Characteristics of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) patients.
| Probiotic Treatment Group | Non-Probiotic Treatment Group | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 10 | 10 | |
| Age, years | 6.4 (3.7–10.6) | 4.7 (3.5–7.8) | 0.85 |
| Sex (male/female) | 9/1 | 6/4 | 0.30 |
| Observation period (months) * | 42.5 (36.8–50.5) | 52.5 (37.3–57.3) | 0.73 |
| Urinary protein, g/g Cr | 9.7 (5.8–11.6) | 13.8 (8.8–27.2) | 0.19 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.85) | 0.44 |
| Consumption of dairy foods † | 6 (60%) | 7 (70%) | 0.64 |
| Confirmed period of probiotic compliance (months) | 25 (7–46) | Not applicable | |
| Total dose of prednisolone (mg/kg) | 180.2 (83.8–230.5) | 270.9 (194.2–294.2) | 0.06 |
| No. of INS relapses per year | 1.0 (0–1.5) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0) | 0.016 |
| Use of immunosuppressive drugs | |||
| Mizoribine | 7 (70%) | 7 (70%) | 1.0 |
| Cyclosporin | 6 (60%) | 9 (90%) | 0.12 |
| Rituximab | 2 (20%) | 7 (70%) | 0.025 |
* The observation period in this study was a combination of both the withdrawal period and the CBM interventional period. † Consumption of dairy foods such as cow’s milk, cheese, and yogurt at least once a day. CBM, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI; Cr, creatinine; INS, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Data represent counts (%) or medians (interquartile ranges).