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. 2021 Jan 24;10(2):225. doi: 10.3390/cells10020225

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Multiple cellular localization of GSK3β activation and consequences on stem cell status. At the plasma membrane, GSK3β is critical to counteract death-signaling pathways induced by cytokines and adhesion changes in injured microenvironment. In case of nutrient or oxidative stresses, GSK3β can adjust metabolic activities in the endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria. Cell survival and metabolism are tightly linked and their cross-regulation is particularly important in subcellular compartments where GSK3β is found. In the nucleus, GSK3β−modulated gene transcription contributes to shape the resistant phenotype of stem cells. Localized signaling activities responsible for GSK3β activation are complex as well as the relationship between them [1]. PM: Plasma membrane; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; Mi: Mitochondria; Nu: Nucleus.