Table 5.
Most common injury type, body region, and mechanism by article.
| Author (Year) | Total Injury | Type of Injury (% of Total) | Body Region (% of Total) | Mechanism (% of Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander et al. (2015) [34] | 112 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Altuna et al. (2004) [35] | 25 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Attlmayr and Smith (2015) [36] | 134 ears | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Deleyiannis et al. (1996) [17] | 21 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Kroon et al. (2002) [16] | 76 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Lennon et al. (2016) [30] | 79 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Nakanishi et al. (2011) [14] | 223 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Simas et al. (2020) [15] | 16 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Simas et al. (2019) [31] | 397 | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| * Taylor et al. (2004) [32] | 146 | Exostosis (45.9%) | Ear (45.9%) | - |
| Umeda et al. (1989) [18] | 73 ears | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Wong et al. (1999) [33] | 441 ears | Exostosis (100%) | Ear (100%) | - |
| Lin et al. (2016) [19] | 17 | Pterygium (100%) | Eye (100%) | - |
| Bazanella et al. (2016) [28] | 45 | Chronic low back pain (100%) | Lumbar spine (100%) | Surfing (53%) |
| * Furness et al. (2014) [29] | 1068 | Chronic injuries of joint origin (43.5%) | Shoulder (23%) | Prolonged paddling (21.1%) |
| Inada et al. (2018) [37] | 62 | Chronic injuries or conditions of joint origin (100%) | Lower Back (31%) | - |
| Lowdon et al. (1983) [5] | 337 | - | - | Stress from maneuver (39%) |
| Lowdon et al. (1987) [6] | 187 | - | - | Stress from maneuver (42%%) |
| * Nathanson et al. (2002) [12] | 477 | Overuse syndromes (62%) | Shoulder (18%) | Overuse of shoulder (18%) |
| Remnant et al. (2020) [11] | 550 | Gradual-onset injuries (100%) | Shoulder (27%) | Prolonged paddling (28%) |
Key: * Musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal included in study. Study quality identified with color coding where green indicates ‘Good’ quality, blue indicates ‘Fair’ quality and yellow indicates ‘Poor’ quality.