Table 5.
Vaccine candidates undergoing clinical trial testing and their characteristics (updated as of 05/11/2020).
| Vaccine Name | Company | Clinical Trial Phase/Identifier | Number of Participants Enrolled in Trial | Vaccine Dosage Received | Vaccine Type | Target/Mode of Action | Reported Adverse Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA-1273 | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and Moderna | Phase III (NCT04470427) Phase I/II (NCT04283461) |
30,000/600 | 100 μg (intramuscular)/50 μg or 250 μg (intramuscular) | Novel mRNA vaccine encapsulated in lipid nanoparticle for delivery | Encodes for a full-length stabilized form of the S protein | No obvious side effects | [144,145,146,147] |
| Ad5-nCoV | CanSino Biologics Inc and collaboration with National Research Council of Canada and Beijing institute of Biotechnology | Phase III (NCT04526990) Phase II (NCT04341389) |
40,000/500 | Low: 5 × 1010 vp Middle: 1 × 1011 vp High: 1.5 × 1011 vp (intramuscular) | Recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector to express spike protein | Adenovirus vector express SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | High dosage group experienced higher fever within 24 h of administration | [148,149,150,151,152] |
| AZD1222 (Formerly known as: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) | Oxford University | Phase III (NCT04516746) Phase I/II (NCT04324606) |
30,000/1090 | Single dose of 5 × 1010 vp (intramuscular) Booster dose: 2.5 × 1010 vp | Chimpanzee adenovirus vector encoding spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | Elicits humoral and cell-mediated response against spike protein | Mild increase in temperature, headache, or sore arm. | [153,154,155,156,157] |
| Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) | Multiple companies | Phase III (NCT04350931) (NCT04328441) |
Variable | 0.1 mL intradermal | Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis | Hypothesized that trained immunity would develop and may aid in immunity against COVID-19 | To be assessed | [158,159,160] |
| Measels-Mumps-Rubella vaccine (MMR) | Kasr El Aini Hospital | Phase III (NCT04357028) | 200 | 0.5 mL subcutaneous | Attenuated virus vaccine | Hypothesized that MMR may lower serological incidence caused by SARS-CoV-2 as neutralizing antibodies will be produced | To be assessed | [161] |
| BNT162 (a1, b1, b2, c2) | Biontech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Pfizer |
Phase I/II (NCT04380701) Approaching phase III |
7600 | 0.5 mL (intramuscular) | mRNA and lipid nanoparticle | mRNA encoding spike protein and receptor-binding domain gets delivered via lipid nanoparticles into host cells activating immunity against SARS-CoV-2 | Fever, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, or worsened muscle pain | [162] |
| INO-4800 | Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Phase I/II (NCT04447781) Phase I (NCT04336410) |
160/40 | Two doses of 1 mg each | Plasmid DNA that encodes spike protein | Host cells translate spike protein encoded by plasmid eliciting immune response against spike protein | To be assessed | [163,164,165] |
| COVID-19/aAPC | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Phase I (NCT04299724) | 100 | Thee injections 5 × 106 each (Subcutaneous) | Modified Lentivirus | Lentivirus vector presents modulatory and viral genes to artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) | To be assessed | [166] |
| LV-SMENP-DC | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute | Phase I/II (NCT04276896) | 100 | 5 × 106 (subcutaneous) | Modified Dendritic cells (DC) with Lentivirus | Modified DC with Lentivirus vector carries SMENP minigenes to express COVID-19 antigens to | To be assessed | [167] |
| V-SARS | Immunitor LLC | Phase I/II (NCT04380532) | 20 | Vaccine formulated as oral pill, one pill-per-day for 1 month | Heat-inactivated plasma from COVID-19 patients | Host immunity development against COVID-19. Exact mechanism to be determined. | To be assessed | [168,169] |
| AV-COVID-19 | Aivita Biomedical, Inc | Phase I/II (NCT04386252) | 180 | Variable | Autologous DC loaded with SARS-CoV-2 antigens | Host immunity development against COVID-19. Exact mechanism to be determined | To be assessed | [170] |
| Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd. | Phase I/II (NCT04352608) | 744 | Medium dose: 600 SU/0.5 mL High Dose: 1200 SU/0.5 mL | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus | Inactivated whole virus yields immunization through producing IgG against viral spike–receptor binding domain | To be assessed | [171] |
| GX-19 | Genexine, Inc. | Phase I/II (NCT04445389) | 210 | Not revealed. (Intramusculary) | DNA vaccine | DNA vaccine which expresses SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein antigen | To be assessed | [172] |
| SARS-CoV-2 rS or NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax | Phase I (NCT04368988) | 131 | 25 μg without Matrix-M, 5 μg with 50 μg Matrix-M | Nanoparticle vaccine with/without Matrix-M adjuvant | Efficient binding with viral targeted receptors. Adjuvant stimulates high levels of neutralizing antibodies | To be assessed | [173,174] |
| bacTRL-Spike | Symvivo Corporation | Phase I (NCT04334980) | 84 | Vaccine formulated as oral pill. Dosage variable | Bacterial vaccine | Bifidobacterium longum delivers synthetic plasmid DNA containing spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | To be assessed | [175] |
| SCB-2019 | Clover Biopharmaceuticals AUS Pty Ltd. | Phase I (NCT04405908) | 150 | 3–30 μg twice daily (intramuscular) | Recombinant subunit vaccine | Synthesized subunit that resembles viral spike protein induces immunity against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | To be assessed | [176,177] |