Table 2.
Target | Effect | Functional Consequence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) |
Activation via sulfhydration |
Stimulation of glycolysis | [84] |
Sirtuin 1, Sirtuin 3 (Sirt1, Sirt3) |
Activation via sulfhydration |
Elevation of cellular NAD+ | [85,86] |
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) |
Activation via sulfhydration |
Elevation of cellular NAD+ | [60] |
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) |
Inhibition via sulfhydration |
Stimulation of AMP kinase | [87] |
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) |
Upregulation via promoter activation | Stimulation of acetyl-CoA synthesis | [71] |
Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) | Electron donation | Stimulation of mitochondrial electron transport | [66,88,89,90] |
F0F1 ATP synthase (Complex V) |
Activation via sulfhydration |
Stimulation of ATP synthesis | [91,92] |
Mitochondrial cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE2A) |
Inhibition via sulfhydration and dimerization | Increased mitochondrial cAMP content, stimulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis | [93] |
Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) |
Upregulation through inhibition of its proteosomal degradation | Stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis | [94] |
Dynamin 1 like protein (Drp1) |
Upregulation via ERK1/2 | Stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis | [95] |
Reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) |
Neutralization of ROS/RNS via direct interactions and via upregulation of antioxidant systems through NRF2 activation and p66Shc sulfhydration | Protection against mitochondrial oxidative stress | [19,96,97,98,99,100] |
DJ-1 | Sulfhydration, which prevents its oxidative inactivation | Maintenance of mitochondrial redox balance | [45] |