Table 1.
Characteristics of the population according to gender and age group
| Cohort | Boys | Girls | <10 Years | ≥10 Years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 637) | (n = 313) | (n = 324) | p | (n = 129) | (n = 508) | p | ||||||
| Age | 11 | (10–13) | 11 | (10–13) | 12 | (10–13) | 0.757 | 9 | (8–9) | 12 | (11–13) | <0.001 |
| Girls | 324 | (50.9%) | - | - | - | 72 | (55.8%) | 252 | (49.6%) | 0.208 | ||
| Height | 1.54 | (1.45–1.62) | 1.55 | (1.45–1.65) | 1.53 | (1.45–1.60) | 0.026 | 1.4 | (1.35–1.44) | 1.57 | (1.50–1.64) | <0.001 |
| Weight | 70 | (56.3–83.4) | 69.5 | (56–85.3) | 72.4 | (56.4–82.7) | 0.968 | 49.3 | (44.6–53.9) | 75.8 | (63.6–88) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 29.3 | (26.4–31.9) | 28.8 | (26.2–31.1) | 30 | (26.6–32.7) | 0.003 | 25.2 | (24–27) | 30.2 | (27.6–32.7) | <0.001 |
| BMI z-score | 2.9 | (2.6–3.1) | 2.9 | (2.6–3.2) | 2.8 | (2.6–3) | <0.001 | 3 | (2.7–3.3) | 2.8 | (2.6–3) | 0.003 |
| WC | 94 | (86–102) | 94 | (87–103) | 93 | (84–101) | 0.052 | 82 | (78–87) | 96 | (90–104) | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.61 | (0.58–0.65) | 0.61 | (0.58–0.65) | 0.62 | (0.57–0.65) | 0.612 | 0.59 | (0.56–0.64) | 0.62 | (0.58–0.65) | 0.001 |
| ABSI | 0.0800 | (0.0766–0.0833) | 0.0814 | (0.0783–0.0837) | 0.0785 | (0.0747–0.0824) | <0.001 | 0.0805 | (0.0781–0.0839) | 0.0798 | (0.0759–0.0831) | 0.007 |
| Glucose | 85 | (80–90) | 86 | (81–90) | 85 | (80–90) | 0.144 | 83 | (79–88) | 86 | (81–90) | 0.002 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.22 | (2.18–4.72) | 3.12 | (2.05–4.57) | 3.32 | (2.39–4.87) | 0.050 | 2.34 | (1.61–3.75) | 3.47 | (2.46–4.9) | <0.001 |
| HOMA β | 256.9 | (180.0–373.8) | 237.9 | (163.3–340.6) | 271.2 | (194.3–420.0) | 0.001 | 222.1 | (144.2–315.9) | 269.0 | (187.6–386.3) | 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.321 | (0.305–0.340) | 0.322 | (0.306–0.342) | 0.320 | (0.303–0.335) | 0.055 | 0.336 | (0.315–0.355) | 0.318 | (0.303–0.334) | <0.001 |
| TyG index | 4.42 | (4.25–4.58) | 4.43 | (4.24–4.58) | 4.41 | (4.25–4.57) | 0.979 | 4.38 | (4.24–4.57) | 4.42 | (4.27–4.58) | 0.155 |
| TG | 80 | (58–108) | 80 | (57–109) | 79 | (61–108) | 0.893 | 76 | (57–106) | 81 | (59–111) | 0.306 |
| TC | 156 | (140–177) | 157 | (142–180) | 155 | (138–175) | 0.101 | 155 | (142–177) | 156 | (139–177) | 0.996 |
| HDL-C | 47 | (40–54) | 47 | (39–54) | 47 | (40–54) | 0.892 | 48 | (42–55) | 46 | (39–54) | 0.038 |
| LDL-C | 93 | (78–111) | 96 | (78–113) | 92 | (78–110) | 0.307 | 94 | (80–110) | 93 | (78–111) | 0.939 |
| TG/HDL ratio | 1.7 | (1.2–2.5) | 1.7 | (1.1–2.5) | 1.7 | (1.2–2.5) | 0.893 | 1.6 | (1–3.1) | 1.8 | (1.2–2.6) | 0.094 |
| VAI | 1.13 | (0.75–1.76) | 0.95 | (0.62–1.47) | 1.37 | (0.95–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.02 | (0.66–1.62) | 1.17 | (0.77–1.77) | 0.026 |
| SBP | 110 | (105–120) | 111 | (105–120) | 110 | (105–120) | 0.455 | 105 | (100–111) | 115 | (110–120) | <0.001 |
| DBP | 70 | (60–71) | 70 | (60–74) | 70 | (60–71) | 0.711 | 60 | (58–70) | 70 | (62–75) | <0.001 |
| MetS | 79 | (12.4%) | 39 | (12.5%) | 40 | (12.3%) | 0.965 | 44 | (34.1%) | 35 | (6.9%) | <0.001 |
Body mass index z-score (BMI z-score), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR), A body shape index (ABSI), homeostatic model assessment index—insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostatic model assessment index-β (HOMA-β), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), triglyceride–glucose index (TyG index), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides-to-HDL ratio (TG/HDL ratio), visceral adiposity index (VAI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).