Table 1.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) strategies for Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) detection.

Strategy	Analyte	SERS Substrate/Method	LOD	EF	Metal	Laser (nm)	Incubation Time	Ref.
Increasing the substrate’s performance	2,4-D	Au nanorods and Ag nanocubes	-	-	Au, Ag	632.8	1 h	[40]
		vertically ordered arrays of Ag nanorod bundles	61.9 nM	1.4 × 108	Ag + Au	633	hours	[41]
	DDT	void@AuNPs@SiO2 microporous capsules	-	-	Au	785	15 min	[42]
		AgNP@composite agarose gels	-	-	Ag	785	2 h	[18]
		AuNP array fabricated by laser annealing of gold film	-	-	Au	785	-	[43]
		AgNPs prepared by self-assembly/ in situ growing method	-	3.5 × 106	Ag	785	<1 min	[44]
		AgNPs sheet	-	-	Ag	632.8	20 min	[45]
	Endosulfan	AuNPs	-	-	Au	785	-	[46]
	HCB	3D Ag F-NPs	-	-	Ag	785	30 min	[47]
	Lindane	chestnut-like Au nanocrystals-built film	34.38 nM	> 107	Au	785	8h	[19]
		concave trisoctahedral and calyptriform Au nanocrystals-built films	0.1 µM	107	Au	785	8h	[48]
		AgNPs sheet	0.3 µM	-	Ag	632.8	20 min	[45]
	PCP	MoO2nanodumbbells	0.1 µM	3.75 × 106	MoO2	532.8	20 min	[49]
		Fe3O4xAgNPs@pNIPAM	1 nM	-	Ag	785	2 h	[50]
	>100 pesticides	electrochemically roughened silver oxide SERS sensor	-	-	Ag	785	-	[51]
Increasing the affinity of the analyte	Aldrin	AgNPs@ α, ω-aliphatic diamines	13.7 nM	2 × 104	Ag	514.5	-	[21]
		AuNPs/AgNPs@alkyl dithiols	0.12 µM	-	Au, Ag	785	10 min	[23]
		AgNPs clusters by α, ω-aliphatic diamines	10 nM	-	Ag	785 514.5	-	[22]
		flower like AgNPs@ diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	Dieldrin	AuNPs/AgNPs@alkyl dithiols	0.82 µM	-	Au, Ag	785	10 min	[23]
	op’-DDT	flower like AgNPs@ diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	pp’-DDE	flower like AgNPs@ diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	Endosulfan (α)	AuNPs/AgNPs@alkyl dithiols	0.41 µM	-	Au, Ag	785	10 min	[23]
	Endosulfan (α, β)	AgNP clusters by α, ω-aliphatic diamines	10nM	-	Ag	785 514.5	-	[22]
	Endosulfan	AgNP@ bis-acridinium lucigenin	49.15 nM	-	Ag	785	-	[24]
	Endosulfan (α, β)	flower like AgNPs@diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	HCH	Au nanosheets built hollow sub-microcubes@4-MPBA	1.03 nM	-	Au	785	4h	[53]
	HCH (α, ϒ)	urchin-like Au–Ag nanocrystals@ porous zeolite imidazole framework	15.15 nM	3 × 107	Au + Ag	785	10 h	[25]
	HCH (α, β)	flower like AgNPs@diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	HCH (ϒ)	AuNPs/AgNPs@alkyl dithiols	3.53 µM	-	Au, Ag	785	10 min	[23]
	Heptachlor	flower like AgNPs@ diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
	PCP	AgNPs aggregates@cysteamine SAM	0.20 μM	-	Ag	785	3 h	[54]
		AuNPs@cysteamine	1 nM	5.7 × 105	Au	785	-	[55]
		nanoporous Ag coating@cysteamine	6.4 nM	3.7 × 105	Ag	785	5 h	[56]
		Fe3O4@carbon@AgNPs core–shell microspheres	1 pM	-	Ag	633	1 h	[57]
	Tetradifon	flower like AgNPs@ diquat/lucigenin	-	-	Ag	532	5 min	[52]
Preconcentra-tion	Chlordane	citrate coated AuNPs/rolling method and prediction model	1 ppm	-	Au	780	-	[58]
	PCP	nanoporous Ag coating modified by cysteamine	6.4 nM	3.7 ×105	Ag	785	5 h	[56]

LOD—limit of detection; EF—enhancement factor; AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; AgNPs—silver nanoparticles; F-NPs—ferro-nanoparticles; SAM—self-assembled monolayer.