Table 3.

Significant differences in gut bacteria in PD patients with different motor phenotypes.

Phenotype Comparison	Phylum	Family	Genus	↓/↑	MD	Adjusted p Value
AR vs. TD	Actinobacteria	Brevibacteriaceae		↓	−0.417	0.000	* 0.005
			Brevibacteriun	↓	−0.417	0.000	* 0.005
	Firmicutes			↓	−0.153	0.005	−
		Clostridiaceae		↓	−0.301	0.008	−
			Tindallia	↓	−0.744	0.003	−
		Gemellaceae		↓	−0.286	0.004	−
			Gemella	↓	−0.286	0.004	−
		Lachnospiraceae		↓	−0.366	0.004	* 0.005
			Blautia	↓	−0.344	0.003	* 0.014
			Coprococcus	↓	−0.931	0.002	* 0.014
			Lachnospira	↓	−0.450	0.005	* 0.036
		Ruminococcaceae	Faecalibacterium	↓	−0.403	0.009	−
		Peptostreptococcaceae	Sedimentibacter	↑	0.424	0.000	* 0.004
	Proteobacteria	Enterobacteriaceae		↑	0.819	0.005	* 0.010
			Escherichia	↑	1.039	0.002	−
			Serratia	↑	0.925	0.002	* 0.026
D vs. TD	Actinobacteria	Brevibacteriaceae		↓	−0.481	0.000	* 0.004
			Brevibacteriun	↓	−0.481	0.000	* 0.004
	Firmicutes			↓	−0.215	0.002	−
		Clostridiaceae		↓	−0.454	0.002	−
			Tindallia	↓	−0.811	0.012	−
		Eubacteriaceae		↓	−0.199	0.002	* 0.003
			Acetobacterium	↓	−0.422	0.002	* 0.008
		Gemellaceae		↓	−0.394	0.000	* 0.040
			Gemella	↓	−0.394	0.000	* 0.040
		Lachnospiraceae		↓	−0.422	0.003	* 0.008
			Blautia	↓	−0.407	0.004	* 0.016
			Coprococcus	↓	−0.888	0.003	* 0.036
			Lachnospira	↓	−0.740	0.000	* 0.005
		Lactobacillaceae		↑	0.095	0.002	−
			Lactobacillus	↑	0.841	0.002	−
		Peptococcaceae		↓	−0.450	0.000	* 0.037
		Peptostreptococcaceae	Sedimentibacter	↓	−0.893	0.000	* 0.000
		Ruminococcaceae		↓	−0.487	0.002	−
			Faecalibacterium	↓	−0.493	0.004	−
	Proteobacteria	Enterobacteriaceae		↑	1.061	0.003	−
			Escherichia	↑	1.273	0.003	* 0.019
			Serratia	↑	1.062	0.004	* 0.010
D vs. AR	Firmicutes	Lactobacillaceae		↑	0.814	0.008	−
			Lactobacillus	↑	0.749	0.007	−

Kruskall–Wallis test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) performed using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) followed by the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) and Bonferroni correction test for multiple comparisons in SPSS (version 25.0 for Windows); MD: Mean difference between logarithmic value of relative abundance in the different phenotype groups TD (n = 19): Tremor Dominant, AR (n = 23): Akinetic Rigid, and D (n = 14): Dyskinetic; adjusted p values (p < 0.05) obtained by Kruskall–Wallis and FDR correction tests; * adjusted p values (p < 0.05) obtained by ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction test where sex, age, BMI, constipation, coffee consumption, smoking status and pharmacological treatment were covariates; (−): adjusted p values (p > 0.05); ↓ Significantly reduced, ↑ Significantly increased with respect to first phenotype shown.